{"id":12847,"date":"2018-11-16T18:25:52","date_gmt":"2018-11-16T17:25:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/42doit.com\/education-zh-hans\/%e8%b6%8a%e5%8d%97%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e5%92%8c%e6%88%98%e4%ba%89\/"},"modified":"2018-11-16T18:25:52","modified_gmt":"2018-11-16T17:25:52","slug":"%e8%b6%8a%e5%8d%97%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e5%92%8c%e6%88%98%e4%ba%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/2018\/11\/16\/%e8%b6%8a%e5%8d%97%e5%8e%86%e5%8f%b2%e5%92%8c%e6%88%98%e4%ba%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8d8a\u5357\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6218\u4e89"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u88ab\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f81\u670d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\u4ed6\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u6cd5\u56fd\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff081946-54\uff09;<\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\uff081964-75\uff09\u7684\u620f\u5267\u6027\u6218\u4e89\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u8d25\u540e\u6700\u7ec8\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">\u4ece\u8d77\u6e90\u5230\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f81\u670d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">\u6784\u6210\u4eca\u5929\u8d8a\u5357\uff08Tonchino\uff0cAnnam\u548cCocincina\uff09\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u3002<\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5c01\u5efa\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d111\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230939\u5e74\uff0c\u4ece\u5b89\u5357\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u7531\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u800c\u52a0\u5267\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86Gia-long\u7687\u5e1d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e861897\u5e74\u5728\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u7eb3\u5165\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1893\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8001\u631d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">\u53cd\u6cd5\u6297\u4e89\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5206\u88c2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u57281931\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u5f02\u8d28\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff081939-45\uff09\u5e74\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">\u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6218\u540e\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u64a4\u519b\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u7531\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89\uff081946-54\uff09\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u8be5\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u544a\u7ec8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">\u57281954\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u6682\u65f6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5dde\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dde\u5c06\u57281956\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\uff1a\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u5317\u8d8a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u662f\u8054\u5408\u56fd<\/span><span title=\"States.\">\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3e\u884c\u3002<\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">\u5728\u5317\u65b9\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u5f97\u5230\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9547\u538b\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u6ecb\u517b\u4e86\u8d8a\u5171\uff08\u8d8a\u5171\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff09\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u9635\u7ebf\u3002<\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">\u5357\u8d8a\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7531\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">\u4ece\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5357\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u5fc3\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u519b\u4e8b\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">\u81ea1964\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u7279\u9063\u961f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u589e\u957f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7206\u70b8\u548c\u706d\u7edd\u6b66\u5668\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u524a\u5f31\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u57281968\u5e74\u7ee7\u7eed\u53cd\u51fb\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a<\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">\u53cd\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0a\u534a\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u8131\u79bb\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u5de8\u5927\u66b4\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u76f4\u52301975\u5e74\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5357\u8d8a\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">1976\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">\u65b0\u653f\u6743\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u8270\u96be\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u538b\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u96be\u6c11\u6f6e\u3002<\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">\u4f7f\u60c5\u51b5\u590d\u6742\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d8a\u5357\u5165\u4fb5\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u6ce2\u5c14\u5e03\u7279\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8be5\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff081978-79\uff09\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5de9\u56fa\u3002<\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">\u5c3d\u7ba11989\u5e74\u81f31991\u5e74\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4ecd\u8bbe\u6cd5\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u6743\u529b\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f00\u653e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"zh-TW\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">\u8d8a\u5357\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u6230\u722d<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u53e4\u8001\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e0b\u534a\u8449\u88ab\u6cd5\u570b\u5f81\u670d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\u4ed6\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u5f9e\u6cd5\u570b\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff081946-54\uff09;<\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\uff081964-75\uff09\u7684\u6232\u5287\u6027\u6230\u722d\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u7576\u524d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6230\u6557\u5f8c\u6700\u7d42\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">\u5f9e\u8d77\u6e90\u5230\u6cd5\u570b\u5f81\u670d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">\u69cb\u6210\u4eca\u5929\u8d8a\u5357\uff08Tonchino\uff0cAnnam\u548cCocincina\uff09\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u5730\u5340\u4f4d\u65bc\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u3002<\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">\u8cb4\u65cf\u548c\u5c01\u5efa\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d111\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u88ab\u4e2d\u570b\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230939\u5e74\uff0c\u5f9e\u5b89\u5357\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7368\u7acb\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u767c\u5c55\u4e26\u64f4\u5927\u4e86\u908a\u754c\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f9e16\u4e16\u7d00\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4fb5\u8755\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7dca\u5f35\u5c40\u52e2\u572817\u4e16\u7d00\u7531\u65bc\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u6cd5\u570b\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u800c\u52a0\u5287\uff0c\u9019\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u61c9\u3002<\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7d71\u4e00\u4e86Gia-long\u7687\u5e1d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7d00\u4e0b\u534a\u8449\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u6b96\u6c11\u4e861897\u5e74\u5728\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u6cd5\u570b\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u7d0d\u5165\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc1893\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8001\u64be\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">\u53cd\u6cd5\u6297\u722d\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5206\u88c2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u9ad4\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u57281931\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5834\u9f90\u5927\u800c\u7570\u8cea\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\uff081939-45\uff09\u5e74\u9593\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u3002<\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">\u65e5\u672c\u4f54\u9818\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6230\u5f8c\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u64a4\u8ecd\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u7531\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u5171\u548c\u570b\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">\u6cd5\u570b\u4e0d\u627f\u8a8d\u8a72\u570b\u7684\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6230\u722d\uff081946-54\uff09\u7684\u7206\u767c\uff0c\u8a72\u6230\u722d\u4ee5\u6cd5\u570b\u7684\u5931\u6557\u800c\u544a\u7d42\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">\u57281954\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u66ab\u6642\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u5dde\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5dde\u5c07\u57281956\u5e74\u7684\u9078\u8209\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u7d71\u4e00\uff1a\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u5317\u8d8a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u570b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u662f\u806f\u5408\u570b<\/span><span title=\"States.\">\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9078\u8209\u6c92\u6709\u8209\u884c\u3002<\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">\u5728\u5317\u65b9\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6b0a\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u548c\u8607\u806f\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u5f97\u5230\u978f\u56fa\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u93ae\u58d3\u548c\u8150\u6557\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u6ecb\u990a\u4e86\u8d8a\u5171\uff08\u8d8a\u5171\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\uff09\u9769\u547d\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960\u5e74\u6210\u70ba\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u9663\u7dda\u3002<\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">\u5357\u8d8a\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7531\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">\u5f9e\u8d8a\u5357\u6230\u722d\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7684\u65e5\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u5357\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f31\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u64d4\u5fc3\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u52e2\u529b\u7684\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u958b\u59cb\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5347\u7d1a\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u6230\u722d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">\u81ea1964\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\u7f8e\u570b\u7279\u9063\u968a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u589e\u9577\u4ee5\u53ca\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7206\u70b8\u548c\u6ec5\u7d55\u6b66\u5668\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u524a\u5f31\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u57281968\u5e74\u7e7c\u7e8c\u53cd\u64ca\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a<\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">\u53cd\u5c0d\u6230\u722d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0a\u534a\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u812b\u96e2\u63a5\u89f8\u548c\u5de8\u5927\u66b4\u884c\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u885d\u7a81\u4ecd\u5728\u7e7c\u7e8c\uff0c\u76f4\u52301975\u5e74\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5357\u8d8a\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">1976\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u91cd\u65b0\u7d71\u4e00\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">\u65b0\u653f\u6b0a\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u8271\u96e3\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u4e26\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u58d3\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u96e3\u6c11\u6f6e\u3002<\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">\u4f7f\u60c5\u6cc1\u5fa9\u96dc\u5316\u5c0e\u81f4\u8d8a\u5357\u5165\u4fb5\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u6ce2\u723e\u5e03\u7279\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e26\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u8a72\u570b\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5e72\u9810\uff081978-79\uff09\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u8207\u8607\u806f\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u978f\u56fa\u3002<\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">\u5118\u7ba11989\u5e74\u81f31991\u5e74\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u5d29\u6f70\u548c\u8607\u806f\u89e3\u9ad4\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4ecd\u8a2d\u6cd5\u7dad\u6301\u5176\u6b0a\u529b\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">20\u4e16\u7d0090\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u91cd\u65b0\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u5c0d\u5916\u8cbf\u6613\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e5f\u76f8\u5c0d\u958b\u653e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Vietnam history and war<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century. He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54); This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States.<\/p>\n<p><strong>From the origins to the French conquest<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The three regions that make up today&#8217;s Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC. of an aristocratic and feudal civilization. In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent. In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders.<\/p>\n<p>From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long. In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when the Japanese occupied the country. After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh. The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat.<\/p>\n<p>At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United States. However, the elections were not held. And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in 1960 became the National Liberation Front. of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam.<\/p>\n<p><strong>From the Vietnam war to our days<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war. The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world opposition to the war. The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam. In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic. The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees. Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79). In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated. Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power. In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"vi\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">L\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\u00d4ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (1946-54); <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau, m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam (1964-75) m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t sau s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">Ba khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay (Tonchino, Annam v\u00e0 Cocincina) n\u1eb1m trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 phong ki\u1ebfn. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">V\u00e0o n\u0103m 111 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, h\u1ecd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 939, khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb An Nam, h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00f3i m\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Gia Long. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">Trong n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1887 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m, v\u1edbi Campuchia, \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1893.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">Cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1931. M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai (1939-45), khi <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a do H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng (1946-54) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Geneva n\u0103m 1954, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi chia th\u00e0nh hai bang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1956: B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, Hoa K\u1ef3 <\/span><span title=\"States.\">Hoa. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">V\u00e0 trong khi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng, <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">T\u1eeb chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c leo thang qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 M\u1ef9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1964 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi v\u0169 kh\u00ed ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t, n\u0103m 1968 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng, trong khi \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o to l\u1edbn, su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70, cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1975, c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">N\u0103m 1976 h\u1ecd \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111em l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">L\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0o Campuchia, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Pol Pot v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (1978-79). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1989 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1991, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ja\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u6226\u4e89<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u306e\u672c\u62e0\u5730\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306f\u300119\u4e16\u7d00\u5f8c\u534a\u306b\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u4eba\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f81\u670d\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\u5f7c\u306f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30b7\u30ca\u6226\u4e89\uff081946\u301c54\uff09\u3067\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u89e3\u653e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\u3053\u308c\u306f10\u5e74\u5f8c\u3001\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306e\u5287\u7684\u306a\u6226\u4e89\uff081964-75\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u7d9a\u304d\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6557\u5317\u5f8c\u306b\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">\u8d77\u6e90\u304b\u3089\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u5f81\u670d\u307e\u3067<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">\u4eca\u65e5\u306e\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\uff08Tonchino\u3001Annam\u3001Cocincina\uff09\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b3\u3064\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306f\u3001\u7d00\u5143\u524d1000\u5e74\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">\u8cb4\u65cf\u7684\u3067\u5c01\u5efa\u7684\u306a\u6587\u660e\u306e<\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">\u7d00\u5143\u524d111\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u652f\u914d\u4e0b\u306b\u843d\u3061\u3001939\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u5f81\u670d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u307e\u307e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7956\u56fd\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u623b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">\u6b21\u306e\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u3001\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306f\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u767a\u5c55\u3092\u7d4c\u9a13\u3057\u3001\u56fd\u5883\u3092\u62e1\u5927\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">\u3057\u304b\u3057\u300116\u4e16\u7d00\u304b\u3089\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u306a\u53cd\u30ad\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u6559\u7684\u53cd\u5fdc\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u30ab\u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u4efb\u52d9\u306e\u78ba\u7acb\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300117\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u60aa\u5316\u3057\u305f\u4e2d\u592e\u6a29\u529b\u3068\u6df1\u3044\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u306e\u4fb5\u98df\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u306b\u5165\u3063\u305f\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">19\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u982d\u3001\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306f\u30ae\u30a2\u7687\u5e1d\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u7d71\u4e00\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30b7\u30ca\u3067\u306f\u30011893\u5e74\u306b\u30e9\u30aa\u30b9\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u3063\u305f\u30ab\u30f3\u30dc\u30b8\u30a2\u30681887\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u56fd\u304c\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">\u53cd\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u62b5\u6297\u3068\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306e\u5206\u88c2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u30011931\u5e74\u306b\u8a2d\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30b7\u30ca\u5171\u548c\u515a\u306e\u30db\u30fc\u30c1\u30df\u30f3\uff08Ho Chi-minh\uff09\u306e\u6307\u5c0e\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3001\u5e83\u5927\u3067\u7570\u8cea\u306a\u62b5\u6297\u904b\u52d5\u304c\u5c55\u958b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6226\uff081939-45\u5e74\uff09<\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u306f\u305d\u306e\u56fd\u3092\u5360\u9818\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">\u6226\u4e89\u3068\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u64a4\u9000\u5f8c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30ca\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u5171\u7523\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3092\u5ba3\u8a00\u3057\u3001\u30db\u30fc\u30c1\u30df\u30f3\u304c\u7387\u3044\u308b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3092\u5275\u8a2d\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u975e\u72ec\u7acb\u306f\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u6557\u5317\u3067\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u305f\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30b7\u30ca\u6226\u4e89\uff081946\u301c54\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">1954\u5e74\u306e\u30b8\u30e5\u30cd\u30fc\u30d6\u4f1a\u8b70\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306f1956\u5e74\u306e\u9078\u6319\u3067\u518d\u4ea4\u6e09\u3055\u308c\u308b2\u3064\u306e\u5dde\u306b\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u5206\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3002\u5317\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306f\u30db\u30fc\u30c1\u30df\u30f3\u3068\u5357\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306e\u652f\u914d\u4e0b\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3068\u3001<\/span><span title=\"States.\">\u5dde\u3002<\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u9078\u6319\u306f\u884c\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5317\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u5171\u7523\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f53\u5236\u304c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3068\u30bd\u9023\u306e\u652f\u6301\u3092\u5f97\u3066\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5357\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u30d9\u30c8\u30b3\u30f3\uff08\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u5171\u7523\u515a\uff09\u306e\u9769\u547d\u904b\u52d5\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u3092\u52a9\u9577\u3059\u308b\u6291\u5727\u7684\u3067\u8150\u6557\u3057\u305f\u53cd\u5171\u653f\u6a29\u304c\u6a39\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960\u5e74\u306f\u5168\u56fd\u89e3\u653e\u6226\u7dda\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">\u5357\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306e\u3001\u5317\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u652f\u6301\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u6226\u4e89\u304b\u3089\u4eca\u65e5\u307e\u3067<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">\u5357\u90e8\u8af8\u56fd\u306e\u5f31\u70b9\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u5171\u7523\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u8513\u5ef6\u3092\u6050\u308c\u3066\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u306f\u6226\u4e89\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7684\u306a\u62e1\u5927\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u305f\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">1964\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u306e\u7c73\u56fd\u6d3e\u5175\u306e\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u6210\u9577\u3068\u3001\u5317\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u3067\u306e\u7d76\u6ec5\u306e\u6b66\u5668\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u7206\u6483\u306f\u30011968\u5e74\u306b\u53cd\u6483\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u5317\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u4eba\u306e\u62b5\u6297\u3092\u5f31\u3081\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u3068\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u306f<\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">\u6226\u4e89\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">1975\u5e74\u3001\u5171\u7523\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u305f\u3061\u304c\u5357\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u300170\u5e74\u4ee3\u524d\u534a\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u96e2\u8131\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8a66\u307f\u3068\u9014\u65b9\u3082\u306a\u3044\u6b8b\u8650\u884c\u70ba\u3068\u306e\u9593\u3067\u7d1b\u4e89\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u305f\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">1976\u5e74\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u56fd\u3092\u518d\u7d50\u6210\u3057\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u306b\u547d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">\u65b0\u653f\u6a29\u306f\u56f0\u96e3\u306a\u5fa9\u8208\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u3001\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u96e3\u6c11\u3092\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u5727\u5236\u7684\u306a\u653f\u5e9c\u3092\u6a39\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">\u3053\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30dc\u30b8\u30a2\u4fb5\u7565\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ab\u30f3\u30dc\u30b8\u30a2\u306f\u30dd\u30fc\u30dd\u30c3\u30c8\u653f\u6a29\u3092\u6253\u5012\u3057\u3001\u5317\u90e8\u306e\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u4ecb\u5165\u3092\u8a98\u767a\u3057\u305f\uff081978-79\uff09\u3002<\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">\u3053\u306e\u6587\u8108\u3067\u3001\u30bd\u9023\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306f\u7d71\u5408\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">1989\u5e74\u30681991\u5e74\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5171\u7523\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4f53\u5236\u306e\u5d29\u58ca\u3068\u30bd\u9023\u306e\u89e3\u4f53\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u5171\u7523\u515a\u306f\u305d\u306e\u529b\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u305f\u3002 <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u3084\u7c73\u56fd\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u518d\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5e02\u5834\u7d4c\u6e08\u3084\u5916\u56fd\u3068\u306e\u8cbf\u6613\u95a2\u4fc2\u3082\u76f8\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u958b\u653e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ko\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">\ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc640 \uc804\uc7c1<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">\uace0\ub300 \ubb38\uba85\uc758 \ubcf8\uace0\uc7a5 \uc778 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc740 19 \uc138\uae30 \ud6c4\ubc18\uc5d0 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc815\ubcf5\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\uadf8\ub294 \uc778\ub3c4 \ucc28\uc774\ub098 \uc804\uc7c1 (1946 ~ 54)\uc73c\ub85c \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ud574\ubc29\ud588\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\uadf8\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 10 \ub144 \ud6c4 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc758 \uadf9\uc801\uc778 \uc804\uc7c1 (1964-75)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574, \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc8fc\uc758 \uacf5\ud654\uad6d\uc774 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ud328\ubc30 \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0 \uba85\ubc31\ud788 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">\uae30\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4 \uc815\ubcf5\uae4c\uc9c0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">\uc624\ub298\uc758 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 (Tonchino, Annam \ubc0f Cocincina)\uc744 \uad6c\uc131\ud558\ub294 \uc138 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc740 BC \ucc9c\ub144\uae30\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud574\uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">\uadc0\uc871\uacfc \ubd09\uac74 \ubb38\uba85\uc758 <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">\uae30\uc6d0\uc804 111 \ub144\uc5d0 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \ud1b5\uce58\ud558\uc5d0 \ub193 \uc600\uace0, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 939 \ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc885\uc18d\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc548\ub0a8\uc5d0\uc11c\ubd80\ud130 \ub3c5\ub9bd\ud558\uc5ec \ub3cc\uc544 \uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">\ub2e4\uc74c \uba87 \uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc740 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uacbd\ud5d8\ud558\uace0 \uad6d\uacbd\uc744 \ud655\uc7a5\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 16 \uc138\uae30\ubd80\ud130 \ud3ed\ub825\uc801\uc778 \ubc18 (\u53cd) \uae30\ub3c5\uad50 \ubc18\uc751\uc744 \ucd09\ubc1c\uc2dc\ud0a8 \ucd5c\ucd08\uc758 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4 \uce74\ud1a8\ub9ad \uc120\uad50\uc758 \uc124\ub9bd\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 17 \uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc2ec\ud654 \ub41c \uc911\uc559 \uad8c\ub825\uacfc \uae4a\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uae34\uc7a5\uc758 \uce68\uc2dd\uae30\uac00 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">19 \uc138\uae30 \ucd08, \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc740 \ud669\uc81c \uae30\uc544 (Gia-long) \ud669\uc81c \uc544\ub798 \ud1b5\uc77c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">18 \uc138\uae30 \ud6c4\ubc18\uc5d0 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\ub294 1893 \ub144\uc5d0 \ub77c\uc624\uc2a4\uac00 \ucd94\uac00 \ub41c \ud504\ub791\uc2a4 \ub839 \uc778\ub3c4 \ucc28\uc774\ub098\uc5d0\uc11c 1887 \ub144\uc5d0 \uce84\ubcf4\ub514\uc544\uc640 \ud568\uaed8 \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0\ud654\ud588\ub2e4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">\ubc18\ub780 \uc800\ud56d\uacfc \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \ubd84\ub2e8<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">\uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \uccb4\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud56d\ud558\uc5ec 1931 \ub144\uc5d0 \uc124\ub9bd \ub41c \ud638\uce58\ubbfc (Ho Chi-minh) \uc778\ub3c4 \ucc28\uc774\ub098 \uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9\uc758\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc544\ub798 \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \uc800\ud56d \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc774 \uc804\uac1c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">\uc77c\ubcf8\uc778\uc740 \ub098\ub77c\ub97c \uc810\ub839\ud588\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">\uc804\uc7c1\uacfc \uc77c\ubcf8 \ucca0\uc218 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc0ac\uc2e4 \ubbfc\uc871\uc8fc\uc758 \uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uacf5\uc0b0\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \ud638\uce58\ubbfc\uc774 \uc774\ub044\ub294 \uacf5\ud654\uad6d\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uba74\uc11c \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc744 \uc120\uc5b8\ud588\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">\ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc758 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc758 \uc778\uc815\uc740 \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc758 \ud328\ubc30\ub85c \ub05d\ub09c \uc778\ub3c4 \ucc28\uc774\ub098 \uc804\uc7c1 (1946 ~ 54)\uc758 \ubc1c\ubc1c\uc744 \ucd08\ub798\ud588\ub2e4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">1954 \ub144 \uc81c\ub124\ubc14 \ud68c\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc740 \uc77c\uc2dc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c 1956 \ub144 \uc120\uac70\uc640 \uc7ac\uacb0\ud569 \ub420 2 \uac1c \uad6d\uac00\ub85c \ub098\ub258\uc5b4\uc84c\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4 : \ud638\uce58\ubbfc\uacfc \ub0a8\ubd80 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc30\ud558\uc5d0\uc788\ub294 \ubd81\ud55c \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8, \ud504\ub791\uc2a4\uc640 \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \uc720\ub098\uc774\ud2f0\ub4dc\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c <\/span><span title=\"States.\">\ubbf8\uad6d. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc120\uac70\ub294 \uc5f4\ub9ac\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubd81\ud55c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uacf5\uc0b0 \uc815\uad8c\uc774 \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \uc18c\ub828\uc758 \ud3b8\uc775\uc73c\ub85c \ud1b5\ud569 \ub41c \ubc18\uba74, \ub0a8\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubca0\ud2b8\ucf69 (\ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \uacf5\uc0b0\uc8fc\uc758\uc790)\uc758 \ud601\uba85 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc758 \ud615\uc131\uc744 \ud0a4\uc6b0\ub294 \uc5b5\uc555\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ubd80\ud328\ud55c \uacf5\uc0b0 \uc815\uad8c\uc774 \uc218\ub9bd\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 \ub144\uc740 \ubbfc\uc871 \ud574\ubc29 \uc804\uc120\uc774\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">\ub0a8 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc758 \ubd81\ucabd \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \uc9c0\uc6d0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">\ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">\ub0a8\ubd80 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc57d\uc810\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0 \uacf5\uc0b0\uc8fc\uc758 \uc138\ub825\uc758 \uacf5\ud3ec\ub97c \ub450\ub824\uc6cc\ud558\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc740 \uc804\uc7c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uad70\uc0ac\uc801 \ud655\ub300\ub97c \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">1964 \ub144 \uc774\ub798\ub85c \ubbf8\uad6d \ud30c\ubcd1\ubcd1\uc774 \uc5c4\uccad\ub098\uac8c \uc131\uc7a5\ud588\uace0, \ubd81\ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc15\uba78 \ubb34\uae30\ub85c \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \ud3ed\ud0c4 \ud14c\ub7ec\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uc790 1968 \ub144 \ubbf8\uad6d\uacfc \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc18\uaca9\uc744\ub2f9\ud55c \ubd81\ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \uc778\uc758 \uc800\ud56d\uc774 \uc57d\ud654\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">\uc804\uc7c1 \ubc18\ub300. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">1975 \ub144 \uacf5\uc0b0\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ub0a8 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc744 \uc7a5\uc545 \ud560 \ub54c\uae4c\uc9c0 70 \ub144\ub300 \uc804\ubc18\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \ubd84\uc5f4\uacfc \uc5c4\uccad\ub09c \uc794\ud559 \ud589\uc704 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uac08\ub4f1\uc774 \uacc4\uc18d\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">1976 \ub144 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc8fc\uc758 \uacf5\ud654\uad6d\uc5d0 \uc0dd\uba85\uc744 \ubd88\uc5b4 \ub123\uc5b4 \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \uc7ac\uacb0\ud569 \uc2dc\ucf30\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">\uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc815\uad8c\uc740 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc7ac\uac74\ucd95\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uace0 \uc5c4\uccad\ub09c \ub09c\ubbfc \ubb3c\uacb0\uc744 \ub0b3\uc740 \uc5b5\uc555\uc801\uc778 \uc815\ubd80\ub97c \uc218\ub9bd\ud588\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uac8c\ud558\uc5ec \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc758 \uce84\ubcf4\ub514\uc544 \uce68\uacf5\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uce84\ubcf4\ub514\uc544 \uc815\uad8c\uc744 \uc804\ubcf5 \uc2dc\ucf30\uace0 \ubd81\ucabd\uc758 \uc911\uad6d \uac1c\uc785\uc744 \uc790\uadf9\ud588\ub2e4 (1978-79). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">\uc774 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc18c\ub828\uacfc\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \ud1b5\ud569\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">1989 \ub144\uacfc 1991 \ub144 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uacf5\uc0b0 \uc815\uad8c\uc758 \ubd95\uad34\uc640 \uc18c\ub828\uc758 \ud574\uccb4\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \uacf5\uc0b0\ub2f9\uc740 \uadf8 \ud798\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud588\ub2e4. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">1990 \ub144\ub300\uc5d0\ub294 \uc911\uad6d\uacfc \ubbf8\uad6d\uacfc\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc7ac\uac1c\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc2dc\uc7a5 \uacbd\uc81c\uc640 \uc678\uad6d\uacfc\uc758 \ubb34\uc5ed \uad00\uacc4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0c1\ub300\uc801 \uac1c\ubc29\uc131\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ru\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">\u0414\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\u041e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435 (1946-54); <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\u0417\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430 (1964-75), \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">\u041e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">\u0422\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c (\u0422\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e, \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0430), \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 1-\u043c \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0444\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">\u0412 111 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u043d.\u044d. \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e 939 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0438. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441 XVI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 XVII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0413\u0438\u0430-\u041b\u043e\u043d\u0433. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 1887 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0441 \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0418\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435, \u043a \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u041b\u0430\u043e\u0441 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 1893 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">\u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0430\u0440\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0425\u043e \u0428\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 1931 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b (1939-45), \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">\u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0446\u044b \u043e\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0441 \u0425\u043e \u0428\u0438-\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">\u041d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0418\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435 (1946-54), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0444\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0443\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">\u041d\u0430 \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 1954 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 1956 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0425\u043e \u0428\u0438 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438, \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435, <\/span><span title=\"States.\">\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">\u0418 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u043d\u0430 \u042e\u0433\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0430 (\u0432\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432 <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">\u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0435 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0430.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">\u041e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u042e\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b, \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">\u041e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441 1964 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 1968 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">\u043e\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0435. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 1975 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">\u0412 1976 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443, \u0434\u0430\u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0435. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">\u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">\u0423\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u041f\u043e\u043b-\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b (1978-1979 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">\u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0421\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043e\u043c. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1989 \u0438 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">\u0412 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"id\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">Sejarah dan perang Vietnam<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">Rumah bagi peradaban kuno, Vietnam ditaklukkan oleh Perancis pada paruh kedua abad kesembilan belas. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">Dia membebaskan dirinya sepenuhnya dari Perancis dengan perang Indochina (1946-54); <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">Hal ini diikuti, satu dekade kemudian, oleh perang dramatis Vietnam (1964-75) dari mana republik sosialis saat ini muncul secara pasti setelah kekalahan Amerika Serikat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">Dari asal ke penaklukan Perancis<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">Tiga wilayah yang membentuk Vietnam saat ini (Tonchino, Annam dan Cocincina) terletak di milenium ke-1 SM. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">dari peradaban aristokrat dan feodal. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">Pada 111 SM mereka jatuh di bawah kekuasaan Cina, yang sampai sekarang masih ditaklukkan sampai tahun 939, ketika, mulai dari Annam, mereka kembali menjadi sangat independen. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">Pada abad-abad berikutnya, Vietnam mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan dan memperluas perbatasannya.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">Namun, sejak abad ke-16, mulai fase erosi kekuasaan pusat dan ketegangan sosial yang mendalam, diperparah pada abad ke-17 oleh pembentukan misi Katolik Prancis pertama, yang memicu reaksi anti-Kristen yang keras. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">Pada awal abad kesembilan belas, Vietnam bersatu di bawah kaisar Gia-panjang. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">Pada paruh kedua abad ini, Perancis menjajah negara, yang pada tahun 1887 dimasukkan, dengan Kamboja, di Indocina Perancis, yang ditambahkan Laos pada tahun 1893.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">Resistensi anti-Perancis dan pembagian Vietnam<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">Terhadap sistem kolonial, gerakan perlawanan yang luas dan heterogen berkembang, di bawah kepemimpinan Ho Chi-minh, Partai Komunis Indocina, didirikan pada tahun 1931. Sebuah terobosan yang menentukan terjadi pada tahun-tahun Perang Dunia Kedua (1939-45), ketika <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">Jepang menduduki negara itu. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">Setelah perang dan penarikan Jepang, pada kenyataannya, nasionalis dan komunis memproklamasikan kemerdekaan Vietnam, menciptakan Republik yang dipimpin oleh Ho Chi-minh. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">Pengakuan oleh Perancis atas kemerdekaan negara itu menyebabkan pecahnya perang Indochina (1946-54) yang berakhir dengan kekalahan Prancis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">Pada Konferensi Jenewa 1954, Vietnam sementara dibagi menjadi dua negara yang akan bersatu kembali dengan pemilihan 1956: Vietnam Utara, di bawah kendali Ho Chi-minh, dan Vietnam Selatan, di bawah pengaruh Perancis dan, semakin, Amerika <\/span><span title=\"States.\">Serikat. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">Namun, pemilihan tidak diadakan. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">Dan sementara di Utara rejim komunis dikonsolidasikan dengan dukungan China dan Uni Soviet, di Selatan rezim rejim anti-komunis yang represif dibentuk untuk memupuk pembentukan gerakan revolusioner Vietcong (komunis Vietnam), yang di <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 menjadi Front Pembebasan Nasional. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">Vietnam Selatan, didukung oleh Vietnam Utara.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">Dari perang Vietnam ke zaman kita<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">Sadar akan kelemahan pemerintah-pemerintah di Selatan dan takut akan prevalensi kekuatan komunis, AS memulai eskalasi militer yang menyebabkan perang. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">Pertumbuhan besar kontingen Amerika sejak 1964 dan pemboman besar-besaran yang dilakukan, dengan senjata pemusnahan, di Vietnam Utara tidak melemahkan perlawanan Vietnam Utara, yang pada tahun 1968 terus melakukan serangan balik, sementara di AS dan di dunia <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">oposisi terhadap perang. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">Konflik terus berlanjut, antara upaya untuk melepaskan diri dan kekejaman yang luar biasa, sepanjang paruh pertama tahun tujuhpuluhan, hingga pada tahun 1975 kaum komunis menguasai Vietnam Selatan. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">Pada 1976 mereka menyatukan kembali negara itu, memberi kehidupan pada republik sosialis. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">Rezim baru memulai rekonstruksi yang sulit dan mendirikan pemerintahan yang menindas, yang menghasilkan gelombang besar pengungsi. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">Rumitnya situasi berkontribusi pada invasi Vietnam ke Kamboja, yang menggulingkan rezim Pol Pot dan memprovokasi intervensi Cina di bagian utara negara (1978-79). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">Dalam konteks ini hubungan dengan Uni Soviet dikonsolidasikan. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">Meskipun runtuhnya rezim komunis dan pembubaran Uni Soviet sendiri antara tahun 1989 dan 1991, Partai Komunis Vietnam berhasil mempertahankan kekuasaannya. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">Pada 1990-an, hubungan dengan China dan Amerika Serikat kembali, dan ada juga keterbukaan relatif terhadap ekonomi pasar dan hubungan dagang dengan negara-negara asing.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ms\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">Sejarah Vietnam dan peperangan<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">Rumah untuk tamadun purba, Vietnam ditakluki oleh Perancis pada pertengahan kedua abad kesembilan belas. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">Dia membebaskan dirinya sepenuhnya dari Perancis dengan perang Indochina (1946-54); <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">Ini diikuti, satu dekad kemudian, oleh perang dramatik Vietnam (1964-75) yang mana republik sosialis semasa muncul secara muktamad selepas kekalahan Amerika Syarikat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">Dari asal-usul ke penaklukan Perancis<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">Tiga wilayah yang membentuk Vietnam hari ini (Tonchino, Annam dan Cocincina) terletak pada milenium pertama SM. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">daripada tamadun bangsawan dan feodal. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">Pada 111 SM mereka jatuh di bawah kekuasaan China, yang mana mereka tetap ditundukkan sehingga 939, ketika, bermula dari Annam, mereka kembali menjadi sebahagian besarnya independen. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">Dalam abad berikut Vietnam mengalami perkembangan yang ketara dan mengembangkan sempadannya.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">Walau bagaimanapun, sejak abad ke-16, fasa erosi kekuasaan pusat dan ketegangan sosial yang mendalam telah bertambah buruk pada abad ke-17 dengan penubuhan misi Katolik Perancis pertama, yang mencetuskan reaksi anti-Kristian yang ganas. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">Pada awal abad kesembilan belas, Vietnam bersatu di bawah maharaja Gia-lama. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">Pada separuh abad kedua, Perancis menjajah negara itu, yang pada tahun 1887 dimasukkan, dengan Kamboja, di Indochina Perancis, yang mana Laos ditambah pada tahun 1893.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">Rintangan anti-Perancis dan pembahagian Vietnam<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">Terhadap sistem penjajah, pergerakan rintangan yang luas dan heterogen berkembang, di bawah pimpinan Ho Chi-minh, Partai Komunis Indochinese, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1931. Terobosan yang tegas berlaku pada tahun-tahun Perang Dunia Kedua (1939-45), ketika <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">Jepun menduduki negara ini. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">Selepas perang dan penarikan Jepun, sebenarnya kaum nasionalis dan komunis mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan Vietnam, mewujudkan Republik yang diketuai oleh Ho Chi-minh. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">Pengiktirafan yang tidak diiktiraf oleh Perancis terhadap kemerdekaan negara menyebabkan pecahnya peperangan Indochina (1946-54) yang berakhir dengan kekalahan Perancis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">Pada Persidangan Geneva pada tahun 1954, Vietnam telah dibahagikan kepada dua negeri yang akan disatukan semula dengan pilihan raya 1956: Vietnam Utara, di bawah kendali Ho Chi-minh, dan Vietnam Selatan, di bawah pengaruh Perancis dan, semakin, United <\/span><span title=\"States.\">Negeri. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">Walau bagaimanapun, pilihan raya tidak diadakan. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">Sedangkan di Utara rejim komunis disatukan dengan sokongan China dan USSR, di Selatan rejim anti komunis yang menindas dan korup telah dibentuk yang memelihara pembentukan gerakan revolusioner Vietcong (komunis Vietnam), yang <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 menjadi Front Pembebasan Kebangsaan. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">Vietnam Selatan, disokong oleh Vietnam Utara.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">Dari perang Vietnam ke zaman kita<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">Menyedari kelemahan kerajaan-kerajaan Selatan dan ketakutan terhadap kekerasan pasukan komunis, Amerika Syarikat telah memulakan peningkatan ketenteraan yang menyebabkan perang. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">Pertumbuhan besar kontinjen Amerika sejak 1964 dan pengeboman besar-besaran yang dilakukan, dengan senjata pemusnah, di Vietnam Utara tidak melemahkan daya tahan penduduk Vietnam Utara, yang pada tahun 1968 terus menyerang, sementara di AS dan di dunia <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">pembangkang terhadap perang. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">Konflik itu berterusan, antara percubaan di pengunduran dan kekejaman yang luar biasa, sepanjang separuh pertama tahun tujuh puluhan, sehingga pada tahun 1975 komunis menguasai Vietnam Selatan. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">Pada tahun 1976 mereka menyatukan semula negara itu, memberikan kehidupan kepada republik sosialis. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">Rejim baru memulakan pembinaan semula yang sukar dan menubuhkan kerajaan yang menindas, yang menghasilkan gelombang pelarian yang besar. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">Komplikasi keadaan ini menyumbang kepada pencerobohan Vietnam Kemboja, yang menggulingkan rejim Pol Pot dan menimbulkan campurtangan China di utara negara itu (1978-79). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">Dalam hubungan ini hubungan dengan Uni Soviet telah disatukan. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">Walaupun kejatuhan rejim komunis dan pembubaran USSR itu sendiri antara tahun 1989 dan 1991, Parti Komunis Vietnam berjaya mengekalkan kuasa. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">Pada tahun 1990-an, hubungan dengan China dan Amerika Syarikat telah diteruskan, dan terdapat juga keterbukaan relatif terhadap ekonomi pasaran dan hubungan perdagangan dengan negara-negara asing.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"hi\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0918\u0930, \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0938\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0916\u0941\u0926 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (1 946-54) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e; <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (1 964-75) \u0928\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">\u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">\u0906\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e (\u091f\u094b\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0928\u094b, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0915\u093f\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0928\u093e) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u0938\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0902\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">111 \u0908\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u093f\u0930 \u0917\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0947 9 3 9 \u0924\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u091c\u092c \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">16 \u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u0947, \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 17 \u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u094b\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0908\u0938\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0940\u0938\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091f \u0917\u093f\u092f\u093e-\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">\u0936\u0924\u093e\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091b\u092e\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 1887 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940\u0938\u0940 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, 18 9 3 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0913\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">\u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e\u092b 1 9 31 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940, \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0940-\u092e\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (1 9 3 9 -45) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u092c <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">\u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u091c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u094b\u0937\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0940, \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0940-\u092e\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u0924\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0923\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u091c\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0930-\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u094b\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 (1 946-54) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094b\u092a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u094b \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0902\u091a \u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">1 9 54 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 1 9 56 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e: \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 <\/span><span title=\"States.\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">\u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u090f\u0938\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u092e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0917 (\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f) \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u0902\u0926\u094b\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1 9 60 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092e\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091a\u093e \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0924\u093e\u0915\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">1 9 64 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 1 9 68 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">\u0938\u0902\u0918\u0930\u094d\u0937 1 9 75 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u092c\u0930\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u093e, \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">1 9 76 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u0935\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">\u0928\u090f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u092e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0939\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092c\u094b\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094b\u0932 \u092a\u0949\u091f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0916\u0924\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0915\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093e (1 978-79)\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">\u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0925\u0947\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">1 9 8 9 \u0914\u0930 1 99 1 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0936\u093e\u0938\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0942\u090f\u0938\u090f\u0938\u0906\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926, \u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u092e\u092f\u093e\u092c \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964 <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">1 99 0 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0916\u0941\u0932\u0947\u092a\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"es\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">Historia y guerra de Vietnam<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">Hogar de una antigua civilizaci\u00f3n, Vietnam fue conquistada por los franceses en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">Se emancip\u00f3 completamente de Francia con la guerra de Indochina (1946-54); <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">Esto fue seguido, una d\u00e9cada m\u00e1s tarde, por la dram\u00e1tica guerra de Vietnam (1964-75) de la cual surgi\u00f3 definitivamente la actual rep\u00fablica socialista despu\u00e9s de la derrota de los Estados Unidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">Desde los or\u00edgenes hasta la conquista francesa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">Las tres regiones que conforman el Vietnam de hoy (Tonchino, Annam y Cocincina) se ubicaron en el primer milenio antes de Cristo. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">De una civilizaci\u00f3n aristocr\u00e1tica y feudal. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">En el 111 a. C. cayeron bajo el dominio de China, al cual permanecieron subyugados hasta el 939, cuando, a partir de Annam, volvieron a ser en gran parte independientes. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">En los siglos siguientes, Vietnam experiment\u00f3 un desarrollo significativo y expandi\u00f3 sus fronteras.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">A partir del siglo XVI, sin embargo, comenz\u00f3 una fase de erosi\u00f3n del poder central y profundas tensiones sociales, agravadas en el siglo XVII por el establecimiento de las primeras misiones cat\u00f3licas francesas, que provocaron violentas reacciones anticristianas. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">A principios del siglo XIX, Vietnam se unific\u00f3 bajo el emperador Gia-long. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">En la segunda mitad del siglo, los franceses colonizaron el pa\u00eds, que en 1887 se incluy\u00f3, con Camboya, en la Indochina francesa, a la que se a\u00f1adi\u00f3 Laos en 1893.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">La resistencia anti-francesa y la divisi\u00f3n de Vietnam<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">Contra el sistema colonial se desarroll\u00f3 un vasto y heterog\u00e9neo movimiento de resistencia, bajo el liderazgo de Ho Chi-minh, el Partido Comunista Indochino, fundado en 1931. Un avance decisivo tuvo lugar en los a\u00f1os de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-45), cuando <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">Los japoneses ocuparon el pa\u00eds. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">Despu\u00e9s de la guerra y la retirada japonesa, de hecho, los nacionalistas y los comunistas proclamaron la independencia de Vietnam, creando una Rep\u00fablica liderada por Ho Chi-minh. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">El no reconocimiento por parte de Francia de la independencia del pa\u00eds provoc\u00f3 el estallido de la guerra de Indochina (1946-54) que termin\u00f3 con la derrota francesa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">En la Conferencia de Ginebra de 1954, Vietnam se dividi\u00f3 provisionalmente en dos estados que se reunir\u00edan con las elecciones de 1956: Vietnam del Norte, bajo el control de Ho Chi-minh, y Vietnam del Sur, bajo la influencia de Francia y, cada vez m\u00e1s, Estados Unidos. <\/span><span title=\"States.\">Estados <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">Sin embargo, las elecciones no se llevaron a cabo. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">Y mientras que en el norte el r\u00e9gimen comunista se consolid\u00f3 con el favor de China y la URSS, en el sur se estableci\u00f3 un r\u00e9gimen anticomunista represivo y corrupto que aliment\u00f3 la formaci\u00f3n del movimiento revolucionario de los vietcong (comunistas vietnamitas), que en <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 se convirti\u00f3 en el Frente de Liberaci\u00f3n Nacional. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">de Vietnam del Sur, apoyado por Vietnam del Norte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">Desde la guerra de Vietnam hasta nuestros d\u00edas<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">Conscientes de la debilidad de los gobiernos del sur y temiendo la prevalencia de las fuerzas comunistas, los Estados Unidos comenzaron una escalada militar que llev\u00f3 a la guerra. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">El enorme crecimiento del contingente estadounidense desde 1964 y los bombardeos masivos llevados a cabo con armas de exterminio en Vietnam del Norte no debilitaron la resistencia de los norvietnamitas, que en 1968 contraatacaron, mientras que en los Estados Unidos y en el mundo. <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">La oposici\u00f3n a la guerra. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">El conflicto continu\u00f3, entre los intentos de desconexi\u00f3n y las tremendas atrocidades, durante la primera mitad de los a\u00f1os setenta, hasta que en 1975 los comunistas tomaron el control de Vietnam del Sur. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">En 1976 reunificaron el pa\u00eds, dando vida a una rep\u00fablica socialista. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">El nuevo r\u00e9gimen comenz\u00f3 una dif\u00edcil reconstrucci\u00f3n y estableci\u00f3 un gobierno opresivo, que produjo una enorme ola de refugiados. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">Complicar la situaci\u00f3n contribuy\u00f3 a la invasi\u00f3n vietnamita de Camboya, que derroc\u00f3 al r\u00e9gimen de Pol Pot y provoc\u00f3 la intervenci\u00f3n de China en el norte del pa\u00eds (1978-79). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">En este contexto se consolidaron las relaciones con la Uni\u00f3n Sovi\u00e9tica. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">A pesar del colapso de los reg\u00edmenes comunistas y la disoluci\u00f3n de la propia URSS entre 1989 y 1991, el Partido Comunista de Vietnam logr\u00f3 mantener su poder. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">En la d\u00e9cada de 1990, se reanudaron las relaciones con China y Estados Unidos, y tambi\u00e9n hubo una relativa apertura a la econom\u00eda de mercado y las relaciones comerciales con pa\u00edses extranjeros.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"fr\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">Histoire du Vietnam et guerre<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">Abritant une ancienne civilisation, le Vietnam a \u00e9t\u00e9 conquis par les Fran\u00e7ais dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XIXe si\u00e8cle. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">Il s&#8217;\u00e9mancipe compl\u00e8tement de la France avec la guerre d&#8217;Indochine (1946-1954); <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">Cette guerre a \u00e9t\u00e9 suivie, dix ans plus tard, par la dramatique guerre du Vietnam (1964-1975), au cours de laquelle la r\u00e9publique socialiste actuelle a d\u00e9finitivement \u00e9merg\u00e9 apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">Des origines \u00e0 la conqu\u00eate fran\u00e7aise<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">Les trois r\u00e9gions qui composent le Vietnam d&#8217;aujourd&#8217;hui (Tonchino, Annam et Cocincina) se situaient au 1er mill\u00e9naire avant notre \u00e8re. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">d&#8217;une civilisation aristocratique et f\u00e9odale. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">En 111 avant JC, ils tomb\u00e8rent sous la domination de la Chine, \u00e0 laquelle ils rest\u00e8rent assujettis jusqu&#8217;en 939, date \u00e0 laquelle, \u00e0 partir de l&#8217;Annam, ils redevinrent ind\u00e9pendants. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">Au cours des si\u00e8cles suivants, le Vietnam connut un d\u00e9veloppement important et \u00e9tendit ses fronti\u00e8res.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">\u00c0 partir du XVIe si\u00e8cle, toutefois, une phase d&#8217;\u00e9rosion du pouvoir central et de profondes tensions sociales, aggrav\u00e9es au XVIIe si\u00e8cle par la cr\u00e9ation des premi\u00e8res missions catholiques fran\u00e7aises, ont d\u00e9clench\u00e9 de violentes r\u00e9actions antichr\u00e9tiennes. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">Au d\u00e9but du XIXe si\u00e8cle, le Vietnam fut unifi\u00e9 sous l&#8217;empereur Gia-long. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">Dans la seconde moiti\u00e9 du si\u00e8cle, les Fran\u00e7ais ont colonis\u00e9 le pays qui, en 1887, faisait partie, avec le Cambodge, de l&#8217;Indochine fran\u00e7aise, \u00e0 laquelle le Laos a \u00e9t\u00e9 ajout\u00e9 en 1893.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">La r\u00e9sistance anti-fran\u00e7aise et la division du Vietnam<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">Contre le syst\u00e8me colonial, un mouvement de r\u00e9sistance vaste et h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne se d\u00e9veloppa sous la direction de Ho Chi Minh, du Parti communiste indochinois, fond\u00e9 en 1931. Une perc\u00e9e d\u00e9cisive eut lieu dans les ann\u00e9es de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1939-1945). <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">les Japonais ont occup\u00e9 le pays. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">En fait, apr\u00e8s la guerre et le retrait du Japon, les nationalistes et les communistes ont proclam\u00e9 l&#8217;ind\u00e9pendance du Vietnam, cr\u00e9ant ainsi une r\u00e9publique dirig\u00e9e par Ho Chi Minh. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">La non-reconnaissance par la France de l&#8217;ind\u00e9pendance du pays a provoqu\u00e9 le d\u00e9clenchement de la guerre d&#8217;Indochine (1946-1954) qui s&#8217;est termin\u00e9e par la d\u00e9faite fran\u00e7aise.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">Lors de la Conf\u00e9rence de Gen\u00e8ve de 1954, le Vietnam fut provisoirement divis\u00e9 en deux \u00c9tats qui devaient \u00eatre r\u00e9unis avec les \u00e9lections de 1956: le Nord-Vietnam, sous le contr\u00f4le de Ho Chi Minh, et le Sud-Vietnam, sous l&#8217;influence de la France et de plus en plus du Royaume-Uni. <\/span><span title=\"States.\">\u00c9tats. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">Cependant, les \u00e9lections n&#8217;ont pas eu lieu. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">Et tandis que dans le nord le r\u00e9gime communiste se consolidait avec la faveur de la Chine et de l&#8217;URSS, dans le sud un r\u00e9gime anticommuniste r\u00e9pressif et corrompu a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 pour nourrir la formation du mouvement r\u00e9volutionnaire des Vietcong (communistes vietnamiens) qui <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 est devenu le Front de lib\u00e9ration nationale. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">du Sud-Vietnam, soutenu par le Nord-Vietnam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">De la guerre du Vietnam \u00e0 nos jours<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">Conscients de la faiblesse des gouvernements du Sud et craignant la pr\u00e9valence des forces communistes, les \u00c9tats-Unis ont entam\u00e9 une escalade militaire qui a conduit \u00e0 la guerre. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">L&#8217;\u00e9norme croissance du contingent am\u00e9ricain depuis 1964 et les bombardements massifs perp\u00e9tr\u00e9s avec des armes d&#8217;extermination sur le Nord-Vietnam n&#8217;ont pas affaibli la r\u00e9sistance des Nord-Vietnamiens, qui ont ensuite attaqu\u00e9 en 1968 alors qu&#8217;ils \u00e9taient aux \u00c9tats-Unis et dans le monde. <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">opposition \u00e0 la guerre. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">Le conflit a continu\u00e9, entre tentatives de d\u00e9sengagement et terribles atrocit\u00e9s, tout au long de la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es soixante-dix, jusqu&#8217;en 1975, date \u00e0 laquelle les communistes ont pris le contr\u00f4le du Sud-Vietnam. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">En 1976, ils ont r\u00e9uni le pays, donnant vie \u00e0 une r\u00e9publique socialiste. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">Le nouveau r\u00e9gime a entam\u00e9 une reconstruction difficile et mis en place un gouvernement oppressif, qui a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 une \u00e9norme vague de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">La complication de la situation a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;invasion vietnamienne du Cambodge, qui a renvers\u00e9 le r\u00e9gime de Pol Pot et provoqu\u00e9 l&#8217;intervention de la Chine dans le nord du pays (1978-1979). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">Dans ce contexte, les relations avec l&#8217;Union sovi\u00e9tique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consolid\u00e9es. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">En d\u00e9pit de l&#8217;effondrement des r\u00e9gimes communistes et de la dissolution de l&#8217;URSS entre 1989 et 1991, le Parti communiste vietnamien a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 conserver son pouvoir. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">Dans les ann\u00e9es 90, les relations avec la Chine et les \u00c9tats-Unis ont repris et une relative ouverture de l\u2019\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 et des relations commerciales avec les pays \u00e9trangers a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"de\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">Vietnam Geschichte und Krieg<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">Vietnam beherbergte eine antike Zivilisation und wurde in der zweiten H\u00e4lfte des 19. Jahrhunderts von den Franzosen erobert. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">Mit dem Indochina-Krieg (1946-54) emanzipierte er sich vollst\u00e4ndig aus Frankreich; <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">Ein Jahrzehnt sp\u00e4ter folgte der dramatische Vietnamkrieg (1964-75), aus dem die gegenw\u00e4rtige sozialistische Republik nach der Niederlage der Vereinigten Staaten endg\u00fcltig hervorging.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">Von den Urspr\u00fcngen bis zur franz\u00f6sischen Eroberung<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">Die drei Regionen des heutigen Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam und Cocincina) befanden sich im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">einer aristokratischen und feudalen Zivilisation. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">111 v. Chr. Fielen sie unter die Herrschaft Chinas, dem sie bis 939 unterworfen blieben. Danach wurden sie von Annam aus weitgehend unabh\u00e4ngig. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">In den folgenden Jahrhunderten erlebte Vietnam eine bedeutende Entwicklung und erweiterte seine Grenzen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">Ab dem 16. Jahrhundert begann jedoch eine Phase der Erosion der zentralen Macht und der tiefen sozialen Spannungen, die im 17. Jahrhundert durch die Errichtung der ersten franz\u00f6sischen katholischen Missionen verst\u00e4rkt wurde, die gewaltt\u00e4tige antichristliche Reaktionen ausl\u00f6sten. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde Vietnam unter Kaiser Gia-long vereinigt. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">In der zweiten H\u00e4lfte des Jahrhunderts kolonisierten die Franzosen das Land, das 1887 zusammen mit Kambodscha in Franz\u00f6sisch-Indochina eingeschlossen wurde, zu dem Laos 1893 hinzukam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">Der anti-franz\u00f6sische Widerstand und die Teilung Vietnams<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">Gegen das Kolonialsystem entwickelte sich unter der F\u00fchrung von Ho Chi-minh, der 1931 gegr\u00fcndeten Indochinesischen Kommunistischen Partei, eine gro\u00dfe und heterogene Widerstandsbewegung. Ein entscheidender Durchbruch fand in den Jahren des Zweiten Weltkriegs (1939-45) statt <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">Die Japaner besetzten das Land. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">Nach dem Krieg und dem R\u00fcckzug der Japaner proklamierten die Nationalisten und die Kommunisten die Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Vietnams und gr\u00fcndeten eine von Ho Chi-minh gef\u00fchrte Republik. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">Die Nichtanerkennung der Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit Frankreichs durch Frankreich verursachte den Ausbruch des Indochina-Krieges (1946-54), der mit der franz\u00f6sischen Niederlage endete.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">Auf der Genfer Konferenz von 1954 wurde Vietnam provisorisch in zwei Staaten aufgeteilt, die mit den Wahlen von 1956 wiedervereinigt werden sollten: Nordvietnam unter der Kontrolle von Ho Chi-minh und S\u00fcdvietnam unter dem Einfluss von Frankreich und zunehmend auch der Vereinigten Staaten <\/span><span title=\"States.\">Zust\u00e4nde. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">Die Wahlen wurden jedoch nicht abgehalten. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">Und w\u00e4hrend sich das kommunistische Regime im Norden mit der Gunst Chinas und der UdSSR gefestigt hatte, setzte sich im S\u00fcden ein repressives und korruptes antikommunistisches Regime ein, das die Bildung der revolution\u00e4ren Bewegung des Vietcong (vietnamesische Kommunisten) n\u00e4hrte <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 wurde die Nationale Befreiungsfront. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">von S\u00fcdvietnam, unterst\u00fctzt von Nordvietnam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">Vom Vietnamkrieg bis in unsere Tage<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">Die USA waren sich der Schw\u00e4che der Regierungen des S\u00fcdens bewusst und f\u00fcrchteten die Verbreitung der kommunistischen Kr\u00e4fte. Die USA begannen mit einer milit\u00e4rischen Eskalation, die zu einem Krieg f\u00fchrte. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">Das enorme Wachstum des amerikanischen Kontingents seit 1964 und die massiven Bombenanschl\u00e4ge auf Nordvietnam mit Vernichtungswaffen schw\u00e4chten nicht den Widerstand der Nordvietnamesen, die 1968 in den USA und in der Welt einen Gegenangriff durchf\u00fchrten <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">Widerstand gegen den Krieg. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">In der ersten H\u00e4lfte der siebziger Jahre dauerte der Konflikt zwischen den Versuchen des R\u00fcckzugs und gewaltt\u00e4tigen Greueltaten an, bis die Kommunisten 1975 die Kontrolle \u00fcber S\u00fcdvietnam \u00fcbernahmen. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">1976 vereinigten sie das Land wieder und gaben einer sozialistischen Republik Leben. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">Das neue Regime begann einen schwierigen Wiederaufbau und gr\u00fcndete eine unterdr\u00fcckende Regierung, die eine gro\u00dfe Fl\u00fcchtlingswelle ausl\u00f6ste. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">Die Komplikation der Situation trug zur vietnamesischen Invasion in Kambodscha bei, die das Pol-Pot-Regime st\u00fcrzte und die Intervention Chinas im Norden des Landes (1978-79) provozierte. <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">In diesem Zusammenhang wurden die Beziehungen zur Sowjetunion gefestigt. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">Trotz des Zusammenbruchs der kommunistischen Regime und der Aufl\u00f6sung der UdSSR zwischen 1989 und 1991 gelang es der vietnamesischen Kommunistischen Partei, ihre Macht zu behaupten. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">In den 1990er Jahren wurden die Beziehungen zu China und den Vereinigten Staaten wieder aufgenommen, und die Marktwirtschaft und die Handelsbeziehungen mit dem Ausland waren relativ offen.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"pt\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">Hist\u00f3ria e guerra do Vietn\u00e3<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">Lar de uma antiga civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, o Vietn\u00e3 foi conquistado pelos franceses na segunda metade do s\u00e9culo XIX. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">Ele emancipou-se completamente da Fran\u00e7a com a guerra da Indochina (1946-1954); <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">Isto foi seguido, uma d\u00e9cada depois, pela dram\u00e1tica guerra do Vietn\u00e3 (1964-75) da qual a atual rep\u00fablica socialista emergiu definitivamente ap\u00f3s a derrota dos Estados Unidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">Das origens \u00e0 conquista francesa<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">As tr\u00eas regi\u00f5es que comp\u00f5em o Vietn\u00e3 de hoje (Tonchino, Annam e Cocincina) foram localizadas no primeiro mil\u00eanio aC. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">de uma civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o aristocr\u00e1tica e feudal. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">Em 111 aC ca\u00edram sob o dom\u00ednio da China, ao qual permaneceram subjugados at\u00e9 939, quando, a partir do Annam, voltaram a ser em grande parte independentes. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">Nos s\u00e9culos seguintes, o Vietn\u00e3 experimentou um desenvolvimento significativo e expandiu suas fronteiras.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">A partir do s\u00e9culo XVI, no entanto, iniciou-se uma fase de eros\u00e3o do poder central e profundas tens\u00f5es sociais, agravadas no s\u00e9culo XVII pelo estabelecimento das primeiras miss\u00f5es cat\u00f3licas francesas, que desencadearam violentas rea\u00e7\u00f5es anticrist\u00e3s. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">No in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XIX, o Vietn\u00e3 era unificado sob o imperador Gia-long. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">Na segunda metade do s\u00e9culo, os franceses colonizaram o pa\u00eds, que em 1887 foi inclu\u00eddo, com o Camboja, na Indochina francesa, ao qual o Laos foi acrescentado em 1893.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">A resist\u00eancia anti-francesa e a divis\u00e3o do Vietn\u00e3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">Contra o sistema colonial, um vasto e heterog\u00eaneo movimento de resist\u00eancia desenvolveu, sob a lideran\u00e7a de Ho Chi Minh, o Partido Comunista Indochino, fundado em 1931. Um avan\u00e7o decisivo ocorreu nos anos da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-45), quando <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">os japoneses ocuparam o pa\u00eds. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">Depois da guerra e da retirada japonesa, de fato, os nacionalistas e os comunistas proclamaram a independ\u00eancia do Vietn\u00e3, criando uma Rep\u00fablica liderada por Ho Chi Minh. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">O n\u00e3o reconhecimento pela Fran\u00e7a da independ\u00eancia do pa\u00eds causou a eclos\u00e3o da guerra da Indochina (1946-1954) que terminou com a derrota francesa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">Na Confer\u00eancia de Genebra de 1954, o Vietn\u00e3 foi provisoriamente dividido em dois estados que seriam reunidos \u00e0s elei\u00e7\u00f5es de 1956: o Vietn\u00e3 do Norte, sob o controle de Ho Chi Minh, e o Vietn\u00e3 do Sul, sob a influ\u00eancia da Fran\u00e7a e, cada vez mais, dos Estados Unidos. <\/span><span title=\"States.\">Estados. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">No entanto, as elei\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o foram realizadas. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">E enquanto no Norte o regime comunista foi consolidado com o favor da China e da URSS, no sul foi estabelecido um regime anti-comunista repressivo e corrupto que alimentou a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do movimento revolucion\u00e1rio dos vietcongues (comunistas vietnamitas), que em <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 tornou-se a Frente de Liberta\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">do Vietn\u00e3 do Sul, apoiado pelo Vietn\u00e3 do Norte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">Da guerra do Vietn\u00e3 aos nossos dias<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">Cientes da fraqueza dos governos do Sul e temendo a preval\u00eancia das for\u00e7as comunistas, os EUA iniciaram uma escalada militar que levou \u00e0 guerra. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">O enorme crescimento do contingente americano desde 1964 e os massivos bombardeios realizados, com armas de exterm\u00ednio, contra o Vietn\u00e3 do Norte n\u00e3o enfraqueceram a resist\u00eancia dos norte-vietnamitas, que em 1968 continuaram a contra-atacar, enquanto nos EUA e no mundo <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">oposi\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 guerra. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">O conflito continuou, entre tentativas de desengajamento e tremendas atrocidades, ao longo da primeira metade dos anos setenta, at\u00e9 que em 1975 os comunistas assumiram o controle do Vietn\u00e3 do Sul. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">Em 1976, eles reuniram o pa\u00eds, dando vida a uma rep\u00fablica socialista. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">O novo regime iniciou uma reconstru\u00e7\u00e3o dif\u00edcil e estabeleceu um governo opressivo, que produziu uma enorme onda de refugiados. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">Complicar a situa\u00e7\u00e3o contribuiu para a invas\u00e3o vietnamita do Camboja, que derrubou o regime de Pol Pot e provocou a interven\u00e7\u00e3o da China no norte do pa\u00eds (1978-79). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">Neste contexto, as rela\u00e7\u00f5es com a Uni\u00e3o Sovi\u00e9tica foram consolidadas. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">Apesar do colapso dos regimes comunistas e da dissolu\u00e7\u00e3o da pr\u00f3pria URSS entre 1989 e 1991, o Partido Comunista Vietnamita conseguiu manter seu poder. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">Na d\u00e9cada de 1990, as rela\u00e7\u00f5es com a China e os Estados Unidos foram retomadas, e havia tamb\u00e9m uma relativa abertura \u00e0 economia de mercado e \u00e0s rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais com pa\u00edses estrangeiros.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span id=\"result_box\" class=\"\" lang=\"ar\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span title=\"Vietnam history and war \">\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"Home to an ancient civilization, Vietnam was conquered by the French in the second half of the nineteenth century.\">\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. <\/span><span title=\"He emancipated himself completely from France with the Indochina war (1946-54);\">\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1946-1954) \u061b <\/span><span title=\"This was followed, a decade later, by the dramatic war of Vietnam (1964-75) from which the current socialist republic emerged definitively after the defeat of the United States. \">\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u060c \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (1964-75) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"From the origins to the French conquest \">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"The three regions that make up today's Vietnam (Tonchino, Annam and Cocincina) were located in the 1st millennium BC.\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Tonchino \u060c Annam \u0648 Cocincina) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f. <\/span><span title=\"of an aristocratic and feudal civilization.\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/span><span title=\"In 111 BC they fell under the dominion of China, to which they remained subjugated until 939, when, starting from the Annam, they returned to be largely independent.\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 111 \u0642.\u0645. \u060c \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 939 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. <\/span><span title=\"In the following centuries Vietnam experienced significant development and expanded its borders. \">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"From the 16th century, however, began a phase of erosion of central power and deep social tensions, aggravated in the 17th century by the establishment of the first French Catholic missions, which triggered violent anti-Christian reactions.\">\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646. <\/span><span title=\"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Vietnam was unified under the emperor Gia-long.\">\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0627. <\/span><span title=\"In the second half of the century the French colonized the country, which in 1887 was included, with Cambodia, in French Indochina, to which Laos was added in 1893. \">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1887 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1893.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"The anti-French resistance and the division of Vietnam \">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"Against the colonial system a vast and heterogeneous resistance movement developed, under the leadership of Ho Chi-minh, the Indochinese Communist Party, founded in 1931. A decisive breakthrough took place in the years of the Second World War ( 1939-45), when\">\u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1931. \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1939-1945) \u060c <\/span><span title=\"the Japanese occupied the country.\">\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. <\/span><span title=\"After the war and the Japanese withdrawal, in fact, the nationalists and the communists proclaimed the independence of Vietnam, creating a Republic led by Ho Chi-minh.\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647. <\/span><span title=\"The non-recognition by France of the independence of the country caused the outbreak of the Indochina war (1946-54) that ended with the French defeat. \">\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1946-1954) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was provisionally divided into two states that were to be reunited with the 1956 elections: North Vietnam, under the control of Ho Chi-minh, and South Vietnam, under the influence of France and, increasingly, the United\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 1956: \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. <\/span><span title=\"States.\">\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649. <\/span><span title=\"However, the elections were not held.\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. <\/span><span title=\"And while in the North the communist regime was consolidated with the favor of China and the USSR, in the South a repressive and corrupt anti-communist regime was established that nourished the formation of the revolutionary movement of the Vietcong (Vietnamese communists), which in\">\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0637\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u060c <\/span><span title=\"1960 became the National Liberation Front.\">1960 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a. <\/span><span title=\"of South Vietnam, supported by North Vietnam. \">\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"From the Vietnam war to our days \">\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span title=\"Aware of the weakness of the governments of the South and fearing the prevalence of communist forces, the US began a military escalation that led to war.\">\u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u062e\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0628. <\/span><span title=\"The enormous growth of the American contingent since 1964 and the massive bombings carried out, with weapons of extermination, on North Vietnam did not weaken the resistance of the North Vietnamese, who in 1968 went on to counterattack, while in the US and in the world\">\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0630\u062a \u060c \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1968 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. <\/span><span title=\"opposition to the war.\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. <\/span><span title=\"The conflict continued, between attempts at disengagement and tremendous atrocities, throughout the first half of the seventies, until in 1975 the communists took control of South Vietnam.\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975. <\/span><span title=\"In 1976 they reunited the country, giving life to a socialist republic.\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629. <\/span><span title=\"The new regime started a difficult reconstruction and established an oppressive government, which produced a huge wave of refugees.\">\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. <\/span><span title=\"Complicating the situation contributed to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which overthrew the Pol Pot regime and provoked the intervention of China in the north of the country (1978-79).\">\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0632\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f (1978-1979). <\/span><span title=\"In this context relations with the Soviet Union were consolidated.\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a. <\/span><span title=\"Despite the collapse of the communist regimes and the dissolution of the USSR itself between 1989 and 1991, the Vietnamese Communist Party managed to maintain its power.\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1989 \u0648 1991 \u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647. <\/span><span title=\"In the 1990s, relations with China and the United States resumed, and there was also a relative openness to the market economy and trade relations with foreign countries.\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0624\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u88ab\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u6cd5\u56fd\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff081946-54\uff09;\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\uff081964-75\uff09\u7684\u620f\u5267\u6027\u6218\u4e89\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u8d25\u540e\u6700\u7ec8\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002 \u4ece\u8d77\u6e90\u5230\u6cd5\u56fd\u5f81\u670d \u6784\u6210\u4eca\u5929\u8d8a\u5357\uff08Tonchino\uff0cAnnam\u548cCocincina\uff09\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e00\u5343\u5e74\u3002\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5c01\u5efa\u6587\u660e\u3002\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d111\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230939\u5e74\uff0c\u4ece\u5b89\u5357\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u8fb9\u754c\u3002 \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ece16\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4fb5\u8680\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7d27\u5f20\u5c40\u52bf\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa\u7531\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u800c\u52a0\u5267\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u53cd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86Gia-long\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e861897\u5e74\u5728\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u7eb3\u5165\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1893\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8001\u631d\u3002 \u53cd\u6cd5\u6297\u4e89\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u5206\u88c2 \u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u57281931\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u5f02\u8d28\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff081939-45\uff09\u5e74\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5360\u9886\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6218\u540e\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u64a4\u519b\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u7531\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6218\u4e89\uff081946-54\uff09\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u8be5\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u544a\u7ec8\u3002 \u57281954\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u6682\u65f6\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5dde\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dde\u5c06\u57281956\u5e74\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\uff1a\u5728\u8d8a\u5357\u80e1\u5fd7\u660e\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u5317\u8d8a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u662f\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u5728\u5317\u65b9\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u5f97\u5230\u5de9\u56fa\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9547\u538b\u548c\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u6ecb\u517b\u4e86\u8d8a\u5171\uff08\u8d8a\u5171\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff09\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c 1960\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u9635\u7ebf\u3002\u5357\u8d8a\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7531\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u90e8\u652f\u6301\u3002 \u4ece\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5b50 \u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5357\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u5fc3\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u519b\u4e8b\u5347\u7ea7\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u81ea1964\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u7279\u9063\u961f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u589e\u957f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7206\u70b8\u548c\u706d\u7edd\u6b66\u5668\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u524a\u5f31\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u57281968\u5e74\u7ee7\u7eed\u53cd\u51fb\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e0a\u534a\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u8131\u79bb\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u5de8\u5927\u66b4\u884c\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u76f4\u52301975\u5e74\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5357\u8d8a\u3002 1976\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u3002\u65b0\u653f\u6743\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u8270\u96be\u7684\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u538b\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u96be\u6c11\u6f6e\u3002\u4f7f\u60c5\u51b5\u590d\u6742\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d8a\u5357\u5165\u4fb5\u67ec\u57d4\u5be8\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u6ce2\u5c14\u5e03\u7279\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8be5\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5e72\u9884\uff081978-79\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5de9\u56fa\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba11989\u5e74\u81f31991\u5e74\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4ecd\u8bbe\u6cd5\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u6743\u529b\u3002 20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f00\u653e\u3002 \u8d8a\u5357\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u6230\u722d \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u53e4\u8001\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e0b\u534a\u8449\u88ab\u6cd5\u570b\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u6230\u722d\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u5f9e\u6cd5\u570b\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff081946-54\uff09;\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8d8a\u5357\uff081964-75\uff09\u7684\u6232\u5287\u6027\u6230\u722d\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u7576\u524d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6230\u6557\u5f8c\u6700\u7d42\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002 \u5f9e\u8d77\u6e90\u5230\u6cd5\u570b\u5f81\u670d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":348,"featured_media":12844,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12847","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12847","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/348"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12847"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12847\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12847"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12847"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12847"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}