{"id":13646,"date":"2019-07-10T19:39:41","date_gmt":"2019-07-10T17:39:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/cosmos-en\/tambora-1815-the-loudest-noise-ever-heard\/"},"modified":"2024-08-01T16:01:08","modified_gmt":"2024-08-01T14:01:08","slug":"tambora-1815-the-loudest-noise-ever-heard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/2019\/07\/10\/tambora-1815-the-loudest-noise-ever-heard\/","title":{"rendered":"Tambora, 1815, the loudest noise ever heard"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 1815 people who were within 40 kilometers of the Tambora volcano lost their hearing.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Tambora is a stratovolcano of the island of Sumbawa, located in the Indonesian archipelago of Sonda.<\/p>\n

The volcano<\/strong>
\nThe Tambora is considered the second volcano in the world for VEI explosive index, estimated at 7; is located in the subduction zone created by the movement of the Australian plate towards a part of the Eurasian plate, in an area where three of the most explosive and devastating known volcanoes were formed over the course of thousands of years: Toba, Tambora and Krakatoa ( in VEI order).<\/p>\n

The 1815 eruption<\/strong>
\nThe most famous eruption of Tambora was that which took place in April 1815.
\nIt all started around sunset on 11 April, with a series of powerful roars, similar to thunders or cannon shots, which alerted the British troops who had not long settled in the region after having driven the Dutch out. However, this first series of explosions ceased rapidly; a new paroxysmal phenomenon, this time much more intense, began on the 19th, with more intense explosions (such as to make homes tremble) and abundant ash emissions that obscured the sky of the entire region for days and caused heavy accumulations in all surrounding villages. The ships also encountered ash after 4 years of eruption in the form of floating pumice islets.<\/p>\n

Three months of similar convulsions caused a decrease in altitude of 1,300 meters in the Tambora; from the more than 4,100 original meters, the mountain had passed to the current 2,850. According to Thomas Stamford Raffles, then Lieutenant Governor of Java, the area in which the immediate effects of the eruption were observed (tremors, noises, etc …) expanded about 1,600 km around the island of Sumbawa.<\/p>\n

The eruption of 1815 was, according to the volcanologists, one of the most powerful, at least since the end of the last Ice Age; the emission of ashes was, quantitatively, about 100 times higher than that of the eruption, though significant, of Mount Sant’Elena in 1980, and was even greater than that of the formidable eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Overall, they were projected into the air about 150 billion cubic meters of rock, ash and other materials. The eruption, or rather the explosion, created disasters of biblical proportions, with an estimated 60,000 deaths due either directly to the explosion or to the heavy famines that followed the disaster.<\/p>\n

The eruption of the Tambora was not the only one, in that period: in 1812 the volcano Soufri\u00e8re, in the Caribbean, exploded violently, while the year before it was the Mayon volcano, in the Philippines, to enter into activity. All these eruptions spewed huge amounts of ash and dust into the atmosphere, producing a thick “veil” of volcanic dust in the stratosphere. This veil shielded a fair part of the sun’s rays in the following years, causing one of the periods with the colder climate of the (already cold) small ice age.<\/p>\n

The dust remained in the atmosphere for many years, decreasing the amount of solar radiation that usually hits the soil of the earth. The planet experienced a time of lost summers and very cold winters, which resulted in very little harvests and an important impoverishment of vast areas of the planet. 1816, the year after the eruption, was later remembered as the year without a summer.<\/p>\n

\n

TAMBORA, 1815, el ruido m\u00e1s fuerte jam\u00e1s o\u00eddo<\/strong><\/p>\n

En 1815, las personas que estaban a 40 kil\u00f3metros del volc\u00e1n Tambora perdieron la audici\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

La Tambora es un estratovolc\u00e1n de la isla de Sumbawa, ubicado en el archipi\u00e9lago indonesio de Sonda.<\/p>\n

El volcan<\/strong>
\nTambora se considera el segundo volc\u00e1n en el mundo para el \u00edndice de explosivos VEI, estimado en 7; se encuentra en la zona de subducci\u00f3n creada por el movimiento de la placa australiana hacia una parte de la placa euroasi\u00e1tica, en un \u00e1rea donde se formaron tres de los volcanes conocidos m\u00e1s explosivos y devastadores en el transcurso de miles de a\u00f1os: Toba, Tambora y Krakatoa ( en el orden de VEI).<\/p>\n

La erupcion de 1815<\/strong>
\nLa erupci\u00f3n m\u00e1s famosa de Tambora fue la que tuvo lugar en abril de 1815.
\nTodo comenz\u00f3 alrededor de la puesta del sol el 11 de abril, con una serie de fuertes rugidos, similares a truenos o disparos de ca\u00f1\u00f3n, que alertaron a las tropas brit\u00e1nicas que no se hab\u00edan asentado en la regi\u00f3n despu\u00e9s de haber expulsado a los holandeses. Sin embargo, esta primera serie de explosiones ces\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente; un nuevo fen\u00f3meno parox\u00edstico, esta vez mucho m\u00e1s intenso, comenz\u00f3 el 19, con explosiones m\u00e1s intensas (como para hacer temblar las casas) y abundantes emisiones de ceniza que oscurecieron el cielo de toda la regi\u00f3n durante d\u00edas y causaron grandes acumulaciones en todo pueblos de los alrededores. Los barcos tambi\u00e9n encontraron ceniza despu\u00e9s de 4 a\u00f1os de erupci\u00f3n en forma de islotes p\u00f3mez flotantes.<\/p>\n

Tres meses de convulsiones similares causaron una disminuci\u00f3n en la altitud de 1,300 metros en la Tambora; De los m\u00e1s de 4,100 metros originales, la monta\u00f1a hab\u00eda pasado a los 2,850 actuales. Seg\u00fan Thomas Stamford Raffles, entonces teniente gobernador de Java, el \u00e1rea en la que se observaron los efectos inmediatos de la erupci\u00f3n (temblores, ruidos, etc.) se expandi\u00f3 a unos 1.600 kil\u00f3metros alrededor de la isla de Sumbawa.<\/p>\n

La erupci\u00f3n de 1815 fue, seg\u00fan los volcan\u00f3logos, una de las m\u00e1s poderosas, al menos desde el final de la \u00faltima Edad de Hielo; la emisi\u00f3n de cenizas fue, cuantitativamente, aproximadamente 100 veces mayor que la de la erupci\u00f3n, aunque significativa, del Monte Sant’Elena en 1980, y fue incluso mayor que la de la formidable erupci\u00f3n de Krakatoa en 1883. En general, se proyectaron al aire. Cerca de 150 mil millones de metros c\u00fabicos de roca, ceniza y otros materiales. La erupci\u00f3n, o m\u00e1s bien la explosi\u00f3n, cre\u00f3 desastres de proporciones b\u00edblicas, con un estimado de 60,000 muertes debidas directamente a la explosi\u00f3n o a las grandes hambrunas que siguieron al desastre.<\/p>\n

La erupci\u00f3n de la Tambora no fue la \u00fanica, en ese per\u00edodo: en 1812, el volc\u00e1n Soufri\u00e8re, en el Caribe, explot\u00f3 violentamente, mientras que el a\u00f1o anterior fue el volc\u00e1n Mayon, en Filipinas, para entrar en actividad. Todas estas erupciones arrojaron enormes cantidades de ceniza y polvo a la atm\u00f3sfera, produciendo un “velo” espeso de polvo volc\u00e1nico en la estratosfera. Este velo cubri\u00f3 una buena parte de los rayos del sol en los a\u00f1os siguientes, causando uno de los per\u00edodos con el clima m\u00e1s fr\u00edo de la peque\u00f1a (ya fr\u00eda) edad de hielo.<\/p>\n

El polvo permaneci\u00f3 en la atm\u00f3sfera durante muchos a\u00f1os, disminuyendo la cantidad de radiaci\u00f3n solar que generalmente golpea el suelo de la tierra. El planeta experiment\u00f3 una \u00e9poca de veranos perdidos e inviernos muy fr\u00edos, que dieron como resultado muy pocas cosechas y un importante empobrecimiento de vastas \u00e1reas del planeta. 1816, el a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s de la erupci\u00f3n, fue recordado como el a\u00f1o sin verano.<\/p>\n

\n

TAMBORA, 1815, le bruit le plus fort jamais entendu<\/strong><\/p>\n

En 1815, les personnes qui se trouvaient \u00e0 moins de 40 km du volcan Tambora ont perdu leur audition.<\/p>\n

Le Tambora est un stratovolcan de l\u2019\u00eele de Sumbawa, situ\u00e9 dans l\u2019archipel indon\u00e9sien de Sonda.<\/p>\n

Le volcan<\/strong>
\nLe Tambora est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le deuxi\u00e8me volcan au monde pour l’indice d’explosion VEI, estim\u00e9 \u00e0 7; est situ\u00e9 dans la zone de subduction cr\u00e9\u00e9e par le mouvement de la plaque australienne vers une partie de la plaque eurasienne, dans une zone o\u00f9 trois des volcans connus les plus explosifs et les plus d\u00e9vastateurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 form\u00e9s au cours de milliers d’ann\u00e9es: Toba, Tambora et Krakatoa ( en ordre VEI).<\/p>\n

L’\u00e9ruption de 1815<\/strong>
\nLa plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00e9ruption de Tambora a \u00e9t\u00e9 celle d\u2019avril 1815.
\nTout a commenc\u00e9 au coucher du soleil, le 11 avril, avec une s\u00e9rie de hurlements puissants, semblables \u00e0 des tonnerres ou \u00e0 des coups de canon, qui ont alert\u00e9 les troupes britanniques install\u00e9es dans la r\u00e9gion apr\u00e8s avoir chass\u00e9 les Hollandais. Cependant, cette premi\u00e8re s\u00e9rie d’explosions a rapidement cess\u00e9; un nouveau ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne paroxystique, cette fois beaucoup plus intense, a commenc\u00e9 le 19, avec des explosions plus intenses (comme pour faire trembler les maisons) et d\u2019abondantes \u00e9missions de cendres qui ont obscurci le ciel de toute la r\u00e9gion pendant plusieurs jours et provoqu\u00e9 de lourdes accumulations villages environnants. Les navires ont \u00e9galement rencontr\u00e9 des cendres apr\u00e8s 4 ans d\u2019\u00e9ruption sous forme d\u2019\u00eelots de ponce flottants.<\/p>\n

Trois mois de convulsions similaires ont provoqu\u00e9 une baisse d’altitude de 1 300 m\u00e8tres dans le Tambora; Sur plus de 4 100 m\u00e8tres d\u2019origine, la montagne est pass\u00e9e \u00e0 2 850 m\u00e8tres actuels. Selon Thomas Stamford Raffles, alors lieutenant-gouverneur de Java, la zone dans laquelle les effets imm\u00e9diats de l’\u00e9ruption ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9s (tremblements, bruits, etc.) s’est \u00e9tendue sur environ 1 600 km autour de l’\u00eele de Sumbawa.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9ruption de 1815 \u00e9tait, selon les volcanologues, l\u2019une des plus puissantes, du moins depuis la fin de la derni\u00e8re p\u00e9riode glaciaire; L’\u00e9mission de cendres \u00e9tait quantitativement environ 100 fois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de l’\u00e9ruption du Mont Sant’Elena en 1980, bien que significative, et m\u00eame sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de la formidable \u00e9ruption de Krakatoa en 1883. Dans l’ensemble, elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 projet\u00e9es dans les airs. environ 150 milliards de m\u00e8tres cubes de roches, cendres et autres mat\u00e9riaux. L’\u00e9ruption, ou plut\u00f4t l’explosion, a provoqu\u00e9 des catastrophes d’une ampleur biblique, faisant pr\u00e8s de 60 000 morts, directement ou \u00e0 cause de l’explosion ou des lourdes famines qui ont suivi la catastrophe.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9ruption du Tambora n\u2019est pas la seule \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque: en 1812, le volcan Soufri\u00e8re, dans les Cara\u00efbes, explose violemment, alors que l\u2019ann\u00e9e pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, c\u2019\u00e9tait le volcan Mayon, aux Philippines, qui devait entrer en activit\u00e9. Toutes ces \u00e9ruptions ont d\u00e9vers\u00e9 d’\u00e9normes quantit\u00e9s de cendres et de poussi\u00e8res dans l’atmosph\u00e8re, produisant un \u00e9pais “voile” de poussi\u00e8res volcaniques dans la stratosph\u00e8re. Ce voile a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 une bonne partie des rayons du soleil les ann\u00e9es suivantes, provoquant l\u2019une des p\u00e9riodes de climat plus froid de la petite glaciation (d\u00e9j\u00e0 froide).<\/p>\n

La poussi\u00e8re est rest\u00e9e dans l’atmosph\u00e8re pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, ce qui a diminu\u00e9 la quantit\u00e9 de rayonnement solaire qui frappe g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement le sol. La plan\u00e8te a connu une p\u00e9riode d’\u00e9t\u00e9s perdus et d’hivers tr\u00e8s froids, qui ont entra\u00een\u00e9 de tr\u00e8s faibles r\u00e9coltes et un appauvrissement important de vastes r\u00e9gions de la plan\u00e8te. 1816, l’ann\u00e9e qui suivit l’\u00e9ruption, devint plus tard une ann\u00e9e sans \u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\n

TAMBORA, 1815, o barulho mais alto j\u00e1 ouvido<\/strong><\/p>\n

Em 1815, as pessoas que estavam a 40 quil\u00f4metros do vulc\u00e3o Tambora perderam a audi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

O Tambora \u00e9 um estratovulc\u00e3o da ilha de Sumbawa, localizado no arquip\u00e9lago indon\u00e9sio de Sonda.<\/p>\n

O vulc\u00e3o<\/strong>
\nO Tambora \u00e9 considerado o segundo vulc\u00e3o do mundo para o \u00edndice de explosivos VEI, estimado em 7; est\u00e1 localizado na zona de subduc\u00e7\u00e3o criada pelo movimento da placa australiana em dire\u00e7\u00e3o a uma parte da placa eurasi\u00e1tica, em uma \u00e1rea onde tr\u00eas dos vulc\u00f5es mais explosivos e devastadores foram formados ao longo de milhares de anos: Toba, Tambora e Krakatoa ( na ordem VEI).<\/p>\n

A erup\u00e7\u00e3o de 1815<\/strong>
\nA erup\u00e7\u00e3o mais famosa de Tambora foi a que ocorreu em abril de 1815.
\nTudo come\u00e7ou em torno do p\u00f4r do sol em 11 de abril, com uma s\u00e9rie de rugidos poderosos, semelhantes a trov\u00f5es ou disparos de canh\u00f5es, que alertaram as tropas brit\u00e2nicas que h\u00e1 muito n\u00e3o se instalaram na regi\u00e3o depois de expulsarem os holandeses. No entanto, esta primeira s\u00e9rie de explos\u00f5es cessou rapidamente; um novo fen\u00f4meno parox\u00edstico, desta vez muito mais intenso, come\u00e7ou no dia 19, com explos\u00f5es mais intensas (como fazer tremer as casas) e abundantes emiss\u00f5es de cinzas que obscureceram o c\u00e9u de toda a regi\u00e3o durante dias e causaram fortes acumula\u00e7\u00f5es em todos aldeias vizinhas. Os navios tamb\u00e9m encontraram cinzas ap\u00f3s 4 anos de erup\u00e7\u00e3o na forma de ilhotas de pedra-pomes flutuantes.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00eas meses de convuls\u00f5es similares causaram uma diminui\u00e7\u00e3o na altitude de 1.300 metros no Tambora; Dos mais de 4.100 medidores originais, a montanha passou para os atuais 2.850. Segundo Thomas Stamford Raffles, ent\u00e3o vice-governador de Java, a \u00e1rea em que os efeitos imediatos da erup\u00e7\u00e3o foram observados (tremores, barulhos, etc …) se expandiram por cerca de 1.600 km ao redor da ilha de Sumbawa.<\/p>\n

A erup\u00e7\u00e3o de 1815 foi, segundo os vulcan\u00f3logos, uma das mais poderosas, pelo menos desde o final da \u00faltima Idade do Gelo; a emiss\u00e3o de cinzas foi, quantitativamente, cerca de 100 vezes maior que a da erup\u00e7\u00e3o, embora significativa, do Monte Sant’Elena em 1980, e foi ainda maior do que a da formid\u00e1vel erup\u00e7\u00e3o do Krakatoa em 1883. No geral, elas foram projetadas no ar. cerca de 150 bilh\u00f5es de metros c\u00fabicos de rocha, cinzas e outros materiais. A erup\u00e7\u00e3o, ou melhor, a explos\u00e3o, criou desastres de propor\u00e7\u00f5es b\u00edblicas, com uma estimativa de 60.000 mortes devidas diretamente \u00e0 explos\u00e3o ou \u00e0s pesadas fomes que se seguiram ao desastre.<\/p>\n

A erup\u00e7\u00e3o do Tambora n\u00e3o foi a \u00fanica naquele per\u00edodo: em 1812, o vulc\u00e3o Soufri\u00e8re, no Caribe, explodiu violentamente, enquanto no ano anterior era o vulc\u00e3o Mayon, nas Filipinas, que entrava em atividade. Todas essas erup\u00e7\u00f5es expeliram enormes quantidades de cinzas e poeira na atmosfera, produzindo um “v\u00e9u” espesso de poeira vulc\u00e2nica na estratosfera. Este v\u00e9u protegeu uma boa parte dos raios solares nos anos seguintes, causando um dos per\u00edodos com o clima mais frio da pequena era do gelo (j\u00e1 fria).<\/p>\n

A poeira permaneceu na atmosfera por muitos anos, diminuindo a quantidade de radia\u00e7\u00e3o solar que geralmente atinge o solo da Terra. O planeta experimentou um tempo de ver\u00f5es perdidos e invernos muito frios, o que resultou em muito poucas colheitas e um importante empobrecimento de vastas \u00e1reas do planeta. 1816, o ano ap\u00f3s a erup\u00e7\u00e3o, mais tarde foi lembrado como o ano sem ver\u00e3o.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In 1815 people who were within 40 kilometers of the Tambora volcano lost their hearing. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":305,"featured_media":13645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4260],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cosmos"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13646","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/305"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13646"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13646\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20107,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13646\/revisions\/20107"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13645"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13646"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13646"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13646"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}