{"id":14959,"date":"2020-04-01T18:07:41","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T16:07:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/education-en\/the-first-gas-mask-was-a-rag-soaked-in-urine\/"},"modified":"2024-08-02T09:52:19","modified_gmt":"2024-08-02T07:52:19","slug":"the-first-gas-mask-was-a-rag-soaked-in-urine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/2020\/04\/01\/the-first-gas-mask-was-a-rag-soaked-in-urine\/","title":{"rendered":"The first gas mask was a rag soaked in urine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Evolution of gas masks since 1915<\/strong><br \/>\nThe first massive use of asphyxiating gases was made by German troops during the First World War in the battle of Ypres. Before the invention of special masks to protect themselves, soldiers sometimes used tissues of cloth soaked in urine, but this system was somewhat insecure and difficult to prepare instantly especially if under pressure. Allied troops therefore had to devise a defensive system against this weapon and a few months later an English officer invented the first gas mask distributed to English troops, on June 26, 1915.<\/p>\n<p>The first model of gas mask supplied to the army consisted of a simple gauze mask inside which was placed cotton soaked in alkaline salts which were to neutralize chlorine and bromine gas. Later this type of mask was modified also adding protective glasses to be then transformed into a mask that covered the whole face. According to the propaganda of the time, this mask, called multipurpose with single protection, was supposed to protect unconditionally and completely from all gases, even if used simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p>Gas masks had a remarkable development in the period between the two world wars and at the beginning of the second world war they were widely distributed both among the troops and among the civilian population. After the Second World War the development of nuclear and bacteriological weapons forced the design of more sophisticated filter systems; Thus was born the M9 model, produced in 1952 in the United States.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Modern gas mask<\/strong><br \/>\nThe current gas masks are composed of a rubber or silicone facepiece which guarantees perfect adherence to the face; they are also equipped with tabs and buckles to secure the gas mask behind the head. They are also equipped with a large transparent polycarbonate or laminated glass viewer that offers wide visibility. Inside there is a second mask that covers the nose-mouth area. In this internal mask there are two openings: one for inspiration and one for exhalation, equipped with special valves to condition the air flow. The inhalation valve is connected to a filter that uses appropriately treated active carbon-based substances to filter and fix harmful gases, while the exhalation valve expels the breathed air without fogging the viewer.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>La prima maschera antigas era uno straccio imbevuto di urina<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Evoluzione delle maschere antigas dal 1915<\/strong><br \/>\nIl primo uso massiccio dei gas asfissianti fu fatto dalle truppe tedesche durante la prima guerra mondiale nella battaglia di Ypres. Prima dell&#8217;invenzione di maschere apposite per proteggersi i soldati utilizzavano talvolta fazzoletti di stoffa imbevuti di urina, ma questo sistema era alquanto insicuro e difficile da predisporre istantaneamente soprattutto se sotto pressione. Le truppe alleate dovettero quindi ideare un sistema difensivo contro questa arma e gi\u00e0 qualche mese dopo un ufficiale inglese invent\u00f2 la prima maschera antigas distribuita alle truppe inglesi, il 26 giugno 1915.<\/p>\n<p>Il primo modello di maschera antigas in dotazione all&#8217;esercito consisteva in una semplice maschera di garza al cui interno era posto del cotone imbevuto di sali alcalini che dovevano neutralizzare gas a base di cloro e bromo. In seguito questo tipo di maschera fu modificato aggiungendovi anche degli occhiali protettivi per essere poi trasformata in una maschera che copriva tutta la faccia. Secondo la propaganda dell&#8217;epoca questa maschera, detta polivalente a protezione unica, avrebbe dovuto proteggere in modo incondizionato e completo da tutti i gas, anche se impiegati contemporaneamente.<\/p>\n<p>Le maschere antigas ebbero un notevole sviluppo nel periodo fra le due guerre mondiali e all&#8217;inizio della seconda guerra mondiale erano largamente distribuite sia fra le truppe sia fra la popolazione civile. Dopo la seconda guerra mondiale lo sviluppo di armi nucleari e batteriologiche costrinse alla progettazione di sistemi di filtraggio pi\u00f9 sofisticati; nacque cos\u00ec il modello M9, prodotto nel 1952 negli Stati Uniti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Maschera antigas moderna<\/strong><br \/>\nLe attuali maschere antigas sono composte da un facciale di gomma o silicone che garantisce la perfetta aderenza al viso; inoltre sono dotate di linguette e fibbie per fissare la maschera antigas dietro la testa. Sono anche dotate di un grande visore trasparente di policarbonato o vetro stratificato che offre un&#8217;ampia visibilit\u00e0. All&#8217;interno \u00e8 presente una seconda maschera che copre la zona naso-bocca. In questa maschera interna sono presenti due aperture: una per l&#8217;inspirazione e una per l&#8217;espirazione, fornite delle apposite valvole per condizionare il flusso dell&#8217;aria. La valvola d&#8217;inspirazione \u00e8 collegata a un filtro che impiega sostanze a base di carbone attivo opportunamente trattate per filtrare e fissare i gas nocivi, mentre la valvola d&#8217;espirazione espelle l&#8217;aria respirata senza far appannare il visore.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>L<strong>a primera m\u00e1scara de gas fue un trapo empapado en orina.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Evoluci\u00f3n de las m\u00e1scaras de gas desde 1915<\/strong><br \/>\nLas tropas alemanas hicieron el primer uso masivo de gases asfixiantes durante la Primera Guerra Mundial en la batalla de Ypres. Antes de la invenci\u00f3n de m\u00e1scaras especiales para protegerse, los soldados a veces usaban pa\u00f1uelos de tela empapados en orina, pero este sistema era algo inseguro y dif\u00edcil de preparar instant\u00e1neamente, especialmente si estaba bajo presi\u00f3n. Por lo tanto, las tropas aliadas tuvieron que idear un sistema defensivo contra esta arma y, unos meses m\u00e1s tarde, un oficial ingl\u00e9s invent\u00f3 la primera m\u00e1scara de gas distribuida a las tropas inglesas, el 26 de junio de 1915.<\/p>\n<p>El primer modelo de m\u00e1scara de gas suministrada al ej\u00e9rcito consist\u00eda en una m\u00e1scara de gasa simple dentro de la cual se colocaba algod\u00f3n empapado en sales alcalinas que neutralizaban el cloro y el gas de bromo. M\u00e1s tarde, este tipo de m\u00e1scara se modific\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n agregando gafas protectoras para luego ser transformadas en una m\u00e1scara que cubr\u00eda toda la cara. Seg\u00fan la propaganda de la \u00e9poca, se supon\u00eda que esta m\u00e1scara, llamada multiprop\u00f3sito con protecci\u00f3n \u00fanica, proteg\u00eda incondicional y completamente de todos los gases, incluso si se usaba simult\u00e1neamente.<\/p>\n<p>Las m\u00e1scaras de gas tuvieron un desarrollo notable en el per\u00edodo entre las dos guerras mundiales y al comienzo de la segunda guerra mundial se distribuyeron ampliamente entre las tropas y la poblaci\u00f3n civil. Despu\u00e9s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el desarrollo de armas nucleares y bacteriol\u00f3gicas oblig\u00f3 al dise\u00f1o de sistemas de filtro m\u00e1s sofisticados; As\u00ed naci\u00f3 el modelo M9, producido en 1952 en los Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u00e1scara de gas moderna<\/strong><br \/>\nLas m\u00e1scaras de gas actuales est\u00e1n compuestas de una m\u00e1scara de goma o silicona que garantiza una perfecta adherencia a la cara; Tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1n equipados con pesta\u00f1as y hebillas para asegurar la m\u00e1scara de gas detr\u00e1s de la cabeza. Tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1n equipados con un gran visor transparente de policarbonato o vidrio laminado que ofrece una amplia visibilidad. En el interior hay una segunda m\u00e1scara que cubre el \u00e1rea de la nariz y la boca. En esta m\u00e1scara interna hay dos aberturas: una para inspiraci\u00f3n y otra para exhalaci\u00f3n, equipadas con v\u00e1lvulas especiales para acondicionar el flujo de aire. La v\u00e1lvula de inhalaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 conectada a un filtro que utiliza sustancias a base de carb\u00f3n activo adecuadamente tratadas para filtrar y reparar gases nocivos, mientras que la v\u00e1lvula de exhalaci\u00f3n expulsa el aire respirado sin empa\u00f1ar al espectador.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Le premier masque \u00e0 gaz \u00e9tait un chiffon imbib\u00e9 d&#8217;urine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Evolution des masques \u00e0 gaz depuis 1915<\/strong><br \/>\nLa premi\u00e8re utilisation massive de gaz asphyxiants a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite par les troupes allemandes pendant la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale lors de la bataille d&#8217;Ypres. Avant l&#8217;invention des masques sp\u00e9ciaux pour se prot\u00e9ger, les soldats utilisaient parfois des mouchoirs en tissu imbib\u00e9s d&#8217;urine, mais ce syst\u00e8me \u00e9tait quelque peu instable et difficile \u00e0 pr\u00e9parer instantan\u00e9ment, surtout sous pression. Les troupes alli\u00e9es doivent donc concevoir un syst\u00e8me d\u00e9fensif contre cette arme et quelques mois plus tard un officier anglais invente le premier masque \u00e0 gaz distribu\u00e9 aux troupes anglaises, le 26 juin 1915.<\/p>\n<p>Le premier mod\u00e8le de masque \u00e0 gaz fourni \u00e0 l&#8217;arm\u00e9e consistait en un simple masque de gaze \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur duquel \u00e9tait plac\u00e9 du coton imbib\u00e9 de sels alcalins qui devaient neutraliser le chlore et le brome. Plus tard, ce type de masque a \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9 en ajoutant \u00e9galement des lunettes de protection pour \u00eatre ensuite transform\u00e9 en un masque couvrant tout le visage. Selon la propagande de l&#8217;\u00e9poque, ce masque, dit polyvalent \u00e0 protection unique, \u00e9tait cens\u00e9 prot\u00e9ger inconditionnellement et compl\u00e8tement de tous les gaz, m\u00eame s&#8217;il \u00e9tait utilis\u00e9 simultan\u00e9ment.<\/p>\n<p>Les masques \u00e0 gaz ont connu un d\u00e9veloppement remarquable dans la p\u00e9riode entre les deux guerres mondiales et au d\u00e9but de la seconde guerre mondiale, ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement r\u00e9partis \u00e0 la fois parmi les troupes et parmi la population civile. Apr\u00e8s la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le d\u00e9veloppement d&#8217;armes nucl\u00e9aires et bact\u00e9riologiques a forc\u00e9 la conception de syst\u00e8mes de filtrage plus sophistiqu\u00e9s; Ainsi est n\u00e9 le mod\u00e8le M9, produit en 1952 aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Masque \u00e0 gaz moderne<\/strong><br \/>\nLes masques \u00e0 gaz actuels sont compos\u00e9s d&#8217;un masque en caoutchouc ou en silicone qui garantit une parfaite adh\u00e9rence au visage; ils sont \u00e9galement \u00e9quip\u00e9s de languettes et de boucles pour fixer le masque \u00e0 gaz derri\u00e8re la t\u00eate. Ils sont \u00e9galement \u00e9quip\u00e9s d&#8217;une grande visionneuse transparente en polycarbonate ou en verre feuillet\u00e9 qui offre une large visibilit\u00e9. \u00c0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur, il y a un deuxi\u00e8me masque qui couvre la zone nez-bouche. Dans ce masque interne, il y a deux ouvertures: une pour l&#8217;inspiration et une pour l&#8217;expiration, \u00e9quip\u00e9es de valves sp\u00e9ciales pour conditionner le flux d&#8217;air. La valve d&#8217;inhalation est connect\u00e9e \u00e0 un filtre qui utilise des substances \u00e0 base de charbon actif trait\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re appropri\u00e9e pour filtrer et fixer les gaz nocifs, tandis que la valve d&#8217;expiration expulse l&#8217;air respir\u00e9 sans embuer le spectateur.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Die erste Gasmaske war ein in Urin getr\u00e4nkter Lappen<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Entwicklung der Gasmasken seit 1915<\/strong><br \/>\nDer erste massive Einsatz von erstickenden Gasen wurde von deutschen Truppen w\u00e4hrend des Ersten Weltkriegs in der Schlacht von Ypern durchgef\u00fchrt. Vor der Erfindung spezieller Masken, um sich selbst zu sch\u00fctzen, verwendeten Soldaten manchmal in Urin getr\u00e4nkte Stoffgewebe, aber dieses System war etwas unsicher und schwer sofort vorzubereiten, insbesondere wenn es unter Druck stand. Alliierte Truppen mussten daher ein Verteidigungssystem gegen diese Waffe entwickeln, und einige Monate sp\u00e4ter erfand ein englischer Offizier am 26. Juni 1915 die erste Gasmaske, die an englische Truppen verteilt wurde.<\/p>\n<p>Das erste Modell einer Gasmaske, das an die Armee geliefert wurde, bestand aus einer einfachen Mullmaske, in die Baumwolle eingelegt war, die mit alkalischen Salzen getr\u00e4nkt war, um Chlor- und Bromgas zu neutralisieren. Sp\u00e4ter wurde dieser Maskentyp modifiziert und eine Schutzbrille hinzugef\u00fcgt, die dann in eine Maske umgewandelt wurde, die das gesamte Gesicht bedeckte. Nach der damaligen Propaganda sollte diese Maske, Mehrzweckmaske mit Einzelschutz genannt, bedingungslos und vollst\u00e4ndig vor allen Gasen sch\u00fctzen, auch wenn sie gleichzeitig verwendet wird.<\/p>\n<p>Gasmasken hatten in der Zeit zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen eine bemerkenswerte Entwicklung und waren zu Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs sowohl unter den Truppen als auch unter der Zivilbev\u00f6lkerung weit verbreitet. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg erzwang die Entwicklung nuklearer und bakteriologischer Waffen die Entwicklung komplexerer Filtersysteme. So wurde das 1952 in den USA produzierte Modell M9 geboren.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Moderne Gasmaske<\/strong><br \/>\nDie aktuellen Gasmasken bestehen aus einem Gummi- oder Silikon-Gesichtsschutz, der eine perfekte Haftung auf dem Gesicht garantiert. Sie sind auch mit Laschen und Schnallen ausgestattet, um die Gasmaske hinter dem Kopf zu sichern. Sie sind au\u00dferdem mit einem gro\u00dfen transparenten Betrachter aus Polycarbonat oder Verbundglas ausgestattet, der eine breite Sichtbarkeit bietet. Im Inneren befindet sich eine zweite Maske, die den Nasen-Mund-Bereich abdeckt. In dieser inneren Maske befinden sich zwei \u00d6ffnungen: eine zur Inspiration und eine zum Ausatmen, die mit speziellen Ventilen zur Konditionierung des Luftstroms ausgestattet sind. Das Inhalationsventil ist mit einem Filter verbunden, der entsprechend behandelte Substanzen auf Aktivkohlebasis verwendet, um sch\u00e4dliche Gase zu filtern und zu fixieren, w\u00e4hrend das Ausatemventil die Atemluft ausst\u00f6\u00dft, ohne den Betrachter zu beschlagen.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u044f\u043f\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0447\u043e\u0439<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u042d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0441 1915 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/strong><br \/>\n\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 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\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f, \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c, 26 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 1915 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044e, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0449\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d, \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u043e. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432; \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041c9, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 1952 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0443; \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440. \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f: \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0445\u0430, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430. \u0418\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d \u0441 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043b\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0434\u043e\u0445\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Pierwsz\u0105 mask\u0105 gazow\u0105 by\u0142a szmata nas\u0105czona moczem<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ewolucja masek gazowych od 1915 r<\/strong><br \/>\nPierwsze masowe u\u017cycie dusz\u0105cych gaz\u00f3w zosta\u0142o dokonane przez wojska niemieckie podczas pierwszej wojny \u015bwiatowej w bitwie pod Ypres. Przed wynalezieniem specjalnych masek do ochrony, \u017co\u0142nierze czasami u\u017cywali chusteczek nas\u0105czonych moczem, ale ten system by\u0142 nieco niepewny i trudny do natychmiastowego przygotowania, szczeg\u00f3lnie pod presj\u0105. Dlatego wojska sojusznicze musia\u0142y opracowa\u0107 system obronny przeciwko tej broni, a kilka miesi\u0119cy p\u00f3\u017aniej angielski oficer wynalaz\u0142 pierwsz\u0105 mask\u0119 przeciwgazow\u0105 rozdan\u0105 \u017co\u0142nierzom angielskim, 26 czerwca 1915 r.<\/p>\n<p>Pierwszy model maski gazowej dostarczanej wojsku sk\u0142ada\u0142 si\u0119 z prostej maski gazowej, w kt\u00f3rej umieszczono bawe\u0142n\u0119 nas\u0105czon\u0105 solami alkalicznymi, kt\u00f3re mia\u0142y zneutralizowa\u0107 chlor i brom. P\u00f3\u017aniej zmodyfikowano ten rodzaj maski, dodaj\u0105c r\u00f3wnie\u017c okulary ochronne, kt\u00f3re nast\u0119pnie przekszta\u0142cono w mask\u0119 pokrywaj\u0105c\u0105 ca\u0142\u0105 twarz. Zgodnie z \u00f3wczesn\u0105 propagand\u0105 maska \u200b\u200bta, zwana uniwersaln\u0105 z pojedyncz\u0105 ochron\u0105, mia\u0142a bezwarunkowo i ca\u0142kowicie chroni\u0107 przed wszystkimi gazami, nawet je\u015bli jest stosowana jednocze\u015bnie.<\/p>\n<p>Maski gazowe mia\u0142y niezwyk\u0142y rozw\u00f3j w okresie mi\u0119dzy dwiema wojnami \u015bwiatowymi, a na pocz\u0105tku drugiej wojny \u015bwiatowej by\u0142y szeroko rozpowszechnione zar\u00f3wno w\u015br\u00f3d \u017co\u0142nierzy, jak i w\u015br\u00f3d ludno\u015bci cywilnej. Po II wojnie \u015bwiatowej rozw\u00f3j broni nuklearnej i bakteriologicznej wymusi\u0142 zaprojektowanie bardziej wyrafinowanych system\u00f3w filtr\u00f3w; Tak narodzi\u0142 si\u0119 model M9, wyprodukowany w 1952 roku w Stanach Zjednoczonych.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nowoczesna maska \u200b\u200bprzeciwgazowa<\/strong><br \/>\nObecne maski przeciwgazowe sk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 z gumowej lub silikonowej os\u0142ony twarzy, kt\u00f3ra gwarantuje idealne przyleganie do twarzy; s\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wyposa\u017cone w zaczepy i klamry do zabezpieczenia maski przeciwgazowej za g\u0142ow\u0105. S\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wyposa\u017cone w du\u017c\u0105 przezroczyst\u0105 przegl\u0105dark\u0119 z poliw\u0119glanu lub szk\u0142a laminowanego, kt\u00f3ra zapewnia szerok\u0105 widoczno\u015b\u0107. Wewn\u0105trz znajduje si\u0119 druga maska \u200b\u200bzakrywaj\u0105ca obszar nosa i ust. W tej wewn\u0119trznej masce znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 dwa otwory: jeden do wdechu i jeden do wydechu, wyposa\u017cony w specjalne zawory do kondycjonowania przep\u0142ywu powietrza. Zaw\u00f3r inhalacyjny jest po\u0142\u0105czony z filtrem, kt\u00f3ry wykorzystuje odpowiednio oczyszczone substancje na bazie w\u0119gla aktywnego do filtrowania i utrwalania szkodliwych gaz\u00f3w, podczas gdy zaw\u00f3r wydechowy wydycha wdychane powietrze bez parowania widza.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Evolution of gas masks since 1915 The first massive use of asphyxiating gases was made [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":318,"featured_media":14954,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4259],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/318"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14959"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14959\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20049,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14959\/revisions\/20049"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.42doit.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}